CFI Workshop 5 Core Topic 10 Risk Management

CFI Workshop 5 Core Topic 10 Risk Management for Flight Instructors October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration

A Crosswind Accident? The pilot lost control after the aircraft touched down on one wheel, swerved sharply, hit several runway lights, left the runway, and came to rest in the airport boundary fence. The winds were at 60 -degree crosswind to the runway at 32 kts with gusts to 40. What caused this accident? FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 2

2010 Joseph T. Nall Report “Accidents occurring during takeoff, climb, maneuvering, descent, approach, and landing tend to result more directly from deficient airmanship, though it may have been faulty decisionmaking that placed the pilots in situations beyond their skills. ” FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 3

NTSB CEN 09 FA 393 Probable Cause: The pilot’s poor judgment/decision making in attempting the no-flap takeoff, his failure to comply with weight limitations, and his failure to calculate the airplane’s performance under existing conditions. FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 4

Risk Management: A Definition The part of the decisionmaking process that relies on • Situational awareness • Problem recognition, and • Good judgment to reduce risks associated with each flight. FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 5

Teaching Risk Management • Identifying hazards • Assessing risk • Understanding its time-critical nature • Including riskmanagement controls in training FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 6

Teaching Judgment We’re trying to answer the enduring questions: • “Can you teach judgment? ” • “If yes, how? ” FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 7

Analogous to Checklists Think of (and teach) risk-management as another aircraft system or phase of flight with a checklist/procedure to follow. • 5 Ts • GUMPS Run the risk-management checklist at important phases of flight (including preflight) and whenever the situation changes or new information arrives. FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 8

Risk Management Before you make decisions, you must: 1. Identify risk factors (hazards) 2. Assess their likelihood 3. Evaluate their severity FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 9

Defining Terms: Hazard • A present condition, event, object, or circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event such as an accident. • Is it a source of danger? FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 10

Defining Terms: Risk The future impact of a hazard that is not controlled or eliminated. 1. Future uncertainty created by the hazard. 2. If it involves skill sets, the same situation may yield different risks. 3. Could also be described as the “degree of uncertainty. ” FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 11

Types of Risk • Total Risk: The sum of identified and unidentified risks. • Identified Risk: Risk that has been determined. • Unidentified Risk: Often identified only after an accident. • Unacceptable Risk: Can’t be tolerated. Must be eliminated or controlled. • Acceptable Risk: Identified but managed. • Residual Risk: Remains after mitigation attempts. FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 12

Risk Management • The method used to control, eliminate, or reduce hazards. • Unique to each individual based on skills, knowledge, training, and experience. • A decision-making process designed to systematically identify hazards, assess risk, and determine the best course of action. FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 13

Risk Assessment Matrix FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 26, 2009 chg 1 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 14

Risk Thresholds FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 26, 2009 chg 1 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 15

Risk Assessment 3 SM visibility—is it a risk? • • For a student pilot? 100 hr VFR-only private pilot? 500 hr IFR pilot flying in the mountains 1, 000 hr IFR pilot with 5 hr experience in a glass cockpit? • 1, 500 hr ATP pilot flying in busy airspace? Photo AOPA Gallery FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 16

A Simple Test Ask three basic questions: • Is it safe? • Is it legal? • Does it make sense? FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 17

Where to Land? • • • Flying west at 10, 500 MSL VFR-Only 200 -hr private pilot To Portland, Oregon Cessna 172 (TAS 110 KIAS) Snow showers and reduced visibility 5: 35 pm local time Fuel remaining is about 90 minutes. What will you do? FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 18

10, 500 MSL Cessna 172 5: 35 pm local time 90 minutes fuel FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 19

Time Critical Framework 5: 35 pm local time 60 minutes fuel FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 20

What Would You Do? 5: 35 pm local time 90 minutes fuel FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 21

ADM DEFINED Aeronautical Decision Making is a systematic approach to the mental process use by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances. FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 22

Risk Management Controls 1. Identify hazardous attitudes. 2. Recognize and cope with stress. 3. Develop risk-assessment skills. 4. Use all available resources. 5. Evaluate effectiveness of decisions. FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 23

Hazardous Attitudes and Antidotes Anti-authority – Don’t tell me. – Follow the rules, they are usually right Impulsivity – Do something – do it now. – Not so fast, think first Invulnerability – It won’t happen to me. – It could happen to me. Macho – I can do it. – Taking chances is foolish. Resignation – What’s the use? – I can make a difference. FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 24

Risk Identification PAVE Checklist: • Pilot • Aircraft • en. Vironment • External Pressures www. skyvector. com FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 25

Evaluating Pilot’s Risk Management Assess the potential risk associated with planned flight during preflight planning and in flight. • Explain risk elements with the given scenario and how each was assessed. • Use a tool, such as PAVE to assess the risk elements. Pilot – Aircraft – en. Vironment – External Factors FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 26

D. E. C. I. D. E. D = Detect E = Estimate C = Choose I = Identify D = Do E = Evaluate 3 P Perceive Process Perform (Continuous Loop) Photo: Quest Kodiak 100 FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 27

Evaluating Pilot’s Decision Making • Use a decision-making process (such as the DECIDE model) when making decisions that affect the outcome of the flight. Pilot should be able to explain factors and alternatives. Detect – Estimate – Choose – Identify – Do – Evaluate • Recognize and explain any hazardous attitudes that may have influenced a decision. • Decide and execute an appropriate course of action to handle any situation and lead to a safe and successful conclusion of the flight. FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 28

Including Risk Management in Flight Training • Situations to stimulate decision making • Practice problem solving • Create circumstances that make unsafe judgments look appealing FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 29

Do You Teach ADM? Seen this? FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 30

Scenarios According to the Aviation Instructor’s Handbook (p. 2 -26), a good scenario: 1. Has a clear set of objectives. 2. Is tailored to the needs of the student. 3. Capitalizes on the nuances of the local environment. FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 31

Scenario Database At 7: 00 PM, after an exhausting 3 -day business meeting, you load the rental plane and file VFR for a 2 -hr flight. You discover your only pair of reading glasses was left back at the hotel. You have no problem seeing distance but can’t read panel gauges or a chart very well. Weather is 3, 500 ceiling, 5 SM visibility with 15 kt crosswinds at your designation. If you depart in the next 20 minutes you can land before dark. You decide to: A. Depart and fly to land before dark. Purchase a new pair of glasses at your destination. B. Call the hotel, if they have your glasses go get them and takeoff late this evening. C. Call the hotel, if they do not have your glasses, spend the night. Tomorrow purchase a new pair and fly takeoff. D. Call the hotel, if they have your glasses, go get them, spend the night and takeoff in the morning. From: www. avhf. com FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 32

Sources of Scenarios • FAA-Industry Training Standards (FITS) • The generic syllabi at the FITS website include a variety of scenarios for VFR and IFR pilots. • You can easily modify and adapt them for your students and customers. • http: //www. faa. gov/training_testing/training/ fits/training/ FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 33

FITS Website FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 34

I’M SAFE Checklist FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 35

FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 Risk Management Questions? Comments? Ideas? Quiz time FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 26, 2009 chg 1 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 36

Risk Management Question #1 Which of the following are hazardous attitudes? a) Tormenter b) Macho c) Recluse d) Quarrelsome FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 37

Risk Management Question #2 Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks. True or False? FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 38

Risk Management Question #3 Is it a “Hazard” or a “Risk” that is a present condition, event, object, or circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event such as an accident? FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 39

Risk Management Question #4 An excellent tool in making good aeronautical decisions is the D. E. C. I. D. E model. What are the six attributes of the model? a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate b) Drop, Evacuate, Criticize, Indemnify, Decimate, Exacerbate c) Determine, Eliminate, Choose, Initiate, Divert, Evacuate d) None of the above Answers follow ~ FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 40

Risk Management Question #1 Which of the following are hazardous attitudes? a) Tormenter b) Macho c) Recluse d) Quarrelsome Answer ~ b) Macho – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 41

Risk Management Question #2 Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks. True or False? Answer ~ True – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 42

Risk Management Question #3 Is it a “Hazard” or a “Risk” that is a present condition, event, object, or circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event such as an accident? Answer ~ “Hazard” – Risk Management Handbook FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 43

Risk Management Question #4 An excellent tool in making good aeronautical decisions is the D. E. C. I. D. E model. What are the six attributes of the model? a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate b) Drop, Evacuate, Criticize, Indemnify, Decimate, Exacerbate c) Determine, Eliminate, Choose, Initiate, Divert, Evacuate d) None of the above Answer ~ a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 44

Regulatory, Policy, and Publications Changes and Updates FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 45

FAASafety. gov FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 46

Official Sources from FAA Website: • Air Traffic Plans and Publications – AIM – Pilot/Controller Glossary • Flight Standards Information Management System (FSIMS) – FAA inspector’s handbook with links to regs and other documents FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 47

AIM Updates FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 48

AIM Updates FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 49

FSIMS FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 50

Industry Groups • SAFE (Society of Aviation and Flight Educators): www. safepilots. org • NAFI (National Association of Flight Instructors): www. nafinet. org • AOPA Flight Training: http: //flighttraining. aopa. org/ FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 51

FIRC • AC 61 -83 G, which outlines requirements for FIRCs, is in the draft stage. • Includes significant updates to the FIRC process (including online courses) and content. • Organizations like SAFE are working with FAA to refine the FIRC process to make it more effective and relevant. FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 52

Updated FIRC Content (Draft) Required Core Topics: Navigating in the 21 st Century: Pilotage to GPS Safety Trends in GA Security-Related Special Use Airspace Pilot Deviations Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and CFIs How to Make the Best Use of the FAASTeam and the Pilot Proficiently WINGS Program How to Teach Effectively and Build a Regulatory, Policy, and Publications Culture of Safety Changes and Updates FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10 October 1, 2011 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 53

This completes CFI Workshop Module #5 See you for Module #6 FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 26, 2009 chg 1 Downloaded from www. avhf. com Federal Aviation Administration 54