CERN LHC Machine Protection Electronic Safety System Engineering

CERN, LHC & Machine Protection Electronic Safety System Engineering B. Todd Sunderland University March 15 th 2010 Thanks to: A. Short, Machine Protection Panel, R. Schmidt, B. Puccio, M. Zerlauth and many more… 1 v 1

Why are we here? CERN 1999 -2003: Bachelor of Engineering (1 st, Honours, Sandwich) Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Sunderland 2001: CERN Technical Student 2004 -2006: Ph. D Electronic Safety Systems in Particle Accelerator Controls Brunel University 2004 -2006: CERN Doctoral Student 2007 -date: CERN Staff Engineer System & Hardware Development of Mission-Critical Protection Systems Understanding from system level down to hardware implementation CERN has many opportunities! We are a centre of engineering excellence http: //www. cern. ch/jobs …a flavour of what you can get involved in… benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University

About CERN Founded in 1954 Funded by the European Union 20 Member States …most of the EU… 580 Institutes World Wide 2500 Staff 8000 Visiting Scientists 8 Observer States and Organisations …Japan, Russia, USA… 35 Non-Member States …Australia, Canada, New Zealand… Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire European Centre for Nuclear Research Pure Science – Particle Physics 1. Pushing the boundaries of research, physics beyond the standard model. 2. Advancing frontiers of technology. 3. Forming collaborations through science 4. Educating the scientists and engineers of tomorrow [1] benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University

CERN We use the world’s largest and most complex scientific instruments to study the basic constituents of matter. These instruments are particle accelerators and detectors. Accelerators boost beams of particles to high energies before they are made to collide with each other or with stationary targets. Detectors observe and record the results of these collisions. Our flag-ship project is the Large Hadron Collider… benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 5

CERN Accelerator Complex. CERN [2] benjamin. todd@cern. ch CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 6

CERN Accelerator Complex CERN Lake Geneva Airport CERN LAB 2 (France) CERN LAB 1 (Switzerland) benjamin. todd@cern. ch CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 7 of 23

CERN Accelerator Complex CERN Lake Geneva Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Geneva Airport CERN LAB 2 (France) Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) CERN LAB 1 (Switzerland) benjamin. todd@cern. ch CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University Proton Synchrotron (PS) 8 of 23

CERN Accelerator Complex CERN Lake Geneva Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Geneva Airport CERN LAB 2 (France) Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) CERN LAB 1 (Switzerland) benjamin. todd@cern. ch CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University Proton Synchrotron (PS) 9 of 23

CERN Accelerator Complex CERN Beam Dumping Systems Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ~ 9 km ~ 5. 5 miles Beam-2 Transfer Line (TI 8) Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) Beam-1 Transfer Line (TI 2) 150 m underground, 100 us for one turn, 1 e 12 protons / injection benjamin. todd@cern. ch CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University CERN Neutrinos to Gran-Sasso (CNGS) 10 of 23

CERN Accelerator Complex CERN CMS LHC-b ALICE ATLAS benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 11 of 49

LHC Experiments CERN CMS LHC-b ALICE ATLAS benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 12

LHC Experiments CERN Four big experiments in the LHC, designed to answer these fundamental questions ATLAS CMS ALICE LHC-b ATLAS – A Large Toroidal LHC Apparatus CMS – Compact Muon Solenoid ALICE – A Light Ion Collider Experiment LHC-b – LHC-beauty Mass - Higgs Boson Why is Gravity so weak? Standard Model? Dark Matter / Dark Energy 96% of Mass is not accounted for… Weakly Interacting Massive Particles? (WIMPs) String Theory / Super Symmetry / Super String Theory / A Theory of Everything One description – accounting for EVERYTHING? Collide two beams… - At High Energy = more massive particles possible - At High Intensity = more ‘events’ LHC Energy = 7 Te. V LHC Beam Intensity = 3 x 1014 p ~109 proton-proton collisions per second benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University [3] 13

CERN ATLAS benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 14

CERN ATLAS Installing the final part of ATLAS Time lapse video – several hours Aligned to within 5 microns (200 th of a millimeter) benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 15

Collisions CERN ~109 proton-proton collisions per second Massive amounts of data generated – all must be processed new particles are rare – only a few events per day [3] benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 16

Investment CERN Construction of the LHC and experiments has required a considerable investment! (Material Costs only) LHC = 2923. 7 MChf ATLAS = 449. 5 MChf CMS = 459. 0 MChf ALICE = 112. 9 MChf LHC-b = 75. 3 MChf CNGS = 71. 0 MChf Total about 4100 MChf = 4000 M CAD = 3800 M USD = 1900 M GBP [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 17

CERN benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 18

CERN LHC super conducting dipole (Blue cryostat) The Large Hadron Collider 8. 3 Tesla, 13 k. A, 1. 9 K (-271 °C), Vacuum 27 km (16. 5 miles) = 1232 super conducting dipole magnets + others many normal conducting magnets 10000 in total, 98% SC [4] benjamin. todd@cern. ch CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 19

CERN LHC super conducting dipole (Blue cryostat) The Large Hadron Collider 27 km = 1232 super conducting dipole magnets + others many normal conducting magnets Speeded Up – Some hours normally All Aligned Opportunities to within at 10’s microns. University (100 ths of a millimeter) CERNof – Sunderland benjamin. todd@cern. ch CERN, the LHC and 27 kms Machine Protection [4] 20

The Large Hadron Collider CERN … to get 7 Te. V operation… LHC needs 8. 3 Tesla dipole fields with circumference of 27 kms (16. 5 miles) … to get 8. 3 Tesla … LHC needs super-conducting magnets <2°K (-271°C) with an operational current of ~13 k. A cooled in super fluid helium 10 x less pressure than maintained in a vacuum World’s largest machine 1 ppm on moon surface Stored energy in the magnet circuits is about 9 GJ A magnet will QUENCH with milli. Joule deposited energy …To see the rarest events… LHC needs high luminosity of 1034 [cm-2 s-1] Collisions generate Peta. Bytes of data Per year Which gives a stored beam energy of 360 MJ per beam two orders of magnitude higher than others Overall consideration for machine protection: an accidental release of beam or magnet energy can lead to massive damage [11] benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 21

CERN Stored Magnetic Energy Kinetic Energy of Aircraft Carrier at 50 km/h ≈ 9 GJoule benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 22

CERN Stored Beam Energy Eproton ≈ 1. 1 x 10 -6 Np_bunch ≈ 1. 15 x 1011 Nbunch≈ 2808 Kinetic Energy of a 200 m train at 155 km/h ≈ 360 MJoule benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 23

Comparison of LHC with Others CERN benjamin. todd@cern. ch powering is split into sub-sectors: energy in each circuit manageable… (as other machines) - Allow for a staged commissioning Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University [13] 24

SPS experiment at 450 Ge. V CERN Controlled SPS experiment to qualify simulations At 450 Ge. V … 8 x 1012 protons causes damage 6 cm 4 x 1012 2 x 1012 6 x 1012 8 x 1012 beam size σx/y = 1. 1 mm/0. 6 mm Plate 2 mm thick 0. 1% LHC Full Beam Energy! Beam in LHC is 10 x smaller!! [14] benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 25

Disposing of the Energy CERN … during a 10 hour mission… …if anything goes wrong… 1. Magnet Energy Emergency Discharge Powering Interlock Controllers + Quench Protection System 2. Beam Energy Emergency Dump Many Systems + Beam Interlock System + LHC Beam Dumping System Concrete Shielding Beam is ‘painted’ diameter 35 cm 8 m long absorber Graphite = 800°C benjamin. todd@cern. ch CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 26 23 26 of

CERN Beam Related Machine Protection …Injector chain : left to right… Beam becomes dangerous in SPS! PS = Proton-Synchrotron 1 -25 Ge. V SPS = Super-Proton-Synchrotron 25 -450 Ge. V LHC = Large Hadron Collider 450 -7000 Ge. V Injection (450 Ge. V) … 0. 0008% beam loss = QUENCH magnet … 0. 5% beam loss = DAMAGE machine Collision (7 Te. V) … 0. 0000005% beam loss = QUENCH magnet … 0. 005% beam loss = DAMAGE machine benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University [15] 27

CERN Machine Protection System best failure detection time = 40 us = half turn benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 28

Beam Interlock System Locations CERN Designed to protect CERN high energy accelerators = SPS / LHC / INJ / EXT benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 29

Reaction Time CERN benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 30

Typical hardware CERN User Interface BIC (Front) benjamin. todd@cern. ch BIC (Rear) Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 31

What CERN is… CERN Radiological Scientists Safety Engineers Cooling & Ventilation Software Engineers Human Resources Power Systems Theoretical Physics Electrical Engineering Project Management Information Technology Administration Nobel Prize Winners Electronic Engineering Technicians Radio Frequency Design Materials Sciences benjamin. todd@cern. ch Mechanical Design Vacuum Engineering Students Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University Environmental Factors 32

CERN We have GREAT projects at CERN Fin Thank you very much for your attention! http: //www. cern. ch/jobs benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 33

CERN References / Acknowledgements [1] CERN’s mission statement http: //public. web. cern. ch/public/en/About/Mission-en. html [2] Aerial view of CERN http: //cdsweb. cern. ch/record/39026 [3] LHC Machine Protection http: //cern. ch/Accel. Conf/p 07/PAPERS/TUZAC 03. PDF [4] CERN photography http: //cdsweb. cern. ch/ [5] CERN. LHC Cost and Schedule Review Committee Report, 15 December 2003. http: //user. web. cern. ch/user/LHCCost/2003 -12 -15/Cost. Schedule. Review 2. pdf [6] CERN. ATLAS Technical Proposal for a General-Purpose pp Experiment at the LHC at CERN, 15 December 1994. http: //atlas. web. cern. ch/Atlas/TP/NEW/HTML/tp 9 new/tp 9. html [7] CERN. CMS Technical Proposal. [8] CERN. ALICE Technical Proposal for A Large Ion Collider Experiment at the CERN LHC, 15 December 1995. http: //doc. cern. ch//archive/electronic/other/generic/public/cer-000214817. pdf [9] CERN. Status of the LHCb Experiment, 30 September 2005. http: //lhcb-doc. web. cern. ch/lhcb-doc/progress/Source/RRB/October_2005/RRB_status. pdf [10] CERN AC Note 2000/03: General description of the CNGS Project, 2000. http: //proj-cngs. web. cern. ch/proj-cngs/General. Description. Ve/GDVe_p 03. htm [11] CERN, LHC FAQ http: //cdsweb. cern. ch/record/1092437/files/CERN-Brochure-2008 -001 -Eng. pdf benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 34

CERN References / Acknowledgements [12] CERN - Scientific Information Service - Archive. Chronologie du CERN, 2005. http: //library. cern. ch/archives/chrono_2002_cern. php [13] R. Assmann and other. requirements for the LHC collimation system. In Proceedings from EPAC’ 02, La Vilette, Paris, France, 3 -7 June 2002. adapted from http: //accelconf. web. cern. ch/Accel. Conf/e 02/PAPERS/TUAGB 001. pdf [14] V. Kain et al. Material damage test with 450 gev LHC-type beam. In Proceedings from PAC’ 05, Knoxville, TN, USA, 16 -20 May 2005. http: //accelconf. web. cern. ch/Accel. Conf/p 05/PAPERS/RPPE 018. PDF [15] R. Schmidt and J. Wenninger. Protection against accidental beam losses at the LHC. In Proceedings from PAC’ 05, Knoxville, TN, USA, 16 -20 May 2005. http: //epaper. kek. jp/p 05/PAPERS/MOPA 005. PDF [16] Lord Kitchener Wiki site. http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/en/b/be/Your. Country. Needs. You. jpg benjamin. todd@cern. ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 35