Center for Power Electronics Systems Bradley Department of

Center for Power Electronics Systems Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of Engineering Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA Extract from the Keynote Address Dushan Boroyevich, Igor Cvetković, Dong, Rolando Burgos, Fei Wang, Fred Lee Future Electronic Power Distribution Systems – A contemplative view –

Power Electronics: Expanding and Emerging Applications Most of the Emerging Electric Power Technologies presume Powering Control IT Industry Automation Active Dynamic of the Electric Energy Flow (i. e. Require the Use of Power Electronics)! Vehicular Power Systems May 20, 2010 Alternative and Distributed Energy Systems db-1

Electronic Power Distribution System: A Notebook PC I/O Peripheral Supplies LDO Regulators Logic Battery Monitor 12 V Processor 0. 7 -1. 7 V Memory 1. 8 V Backlight 800 V Boost Converter Voltage Regulator CCFL Inverter Disk Drive Power Supervisor 3. 3 V Bus 12 -16 V Battery 5 V Bus Fan Controller Bus Converter Charger / Discharger Bus Converter 19 V AC Adapter LCD Bias – 8 V LCD Converter 90 -260 V 50 -60 Hz • Load converters: Meet dynamic energy requirements of the loads • Source converters: Meet ac line standards; improve battery utilization • Power Distribution Converters: – Increase peak-power efficiency Improve power density – Increase light-load efficiency Improve energy efficiency May 20, 2010 REDUCE COST ! db-2

Electronic Power Distribution System: More Electric Transportation All electrical energy processed through electronic converters 1. Variable frequency starter/generator Eliminates Gearbox 2. Variable speed drives for ECS Eliminates Pneumatics 3. High-frequency voltage step-up/down Less Copper & Iron 4. Electrical actuation Reduces Hydraulics Similar approaches and advantages are being pursued in: 1. Rail systems and vehicles (for long time) 2. All-electric ships 3. Hybrid electric cars, trucks, and buses May 20, 2010 db-3

Electronic Power Distribution System: Evolution of Wind Turbine Power Electronics Variable-speed doubly-fed wind turbine Direct gear-less variable-speed wind turbine 1. Eliminates gear box and need for doubly-fed induction generator 2. Simpler transformer structure 3. Fully decouples wind and grid dynamics May 20, 2010 db-4

Electronic Power Distribution System: Grid-interface for Offshore Wind Farms AC Transmission for Offshore Energy Harvesting HVDC Transmission for Offshore Energy Harvesting May 20, 2010 db-5

Electronic Power Distribution System: HVDC Grid Interconnects in Europe May 20, 2010 db-6

CPES Sustainable Building Initiative Solar PV Plug-in Hybrid with Bidirectional Converter May 20, 2010 Entertainment and Data Systems Electric Energy Management Center Smart Appliances and Lighting Grid Connection with Bidirectional Converter Wind Turbine Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning db-7

Patching-up the 20 th Century Technology Integration of grid, renewables, and storage saves money! “Smart” appliances save energy! May 20, 2010 db-8

21 st Century Electronic Power Distribution efficient, programmable, safe, … affordable Nanogrid with Islanded Operation k. Wh Web-based GUI Time • Bus architecture • Two voltages • Wireless communication • Integrated protection • Increased: - availability - energy efficiency - power density May 20, 2010 db-9

Characteristics of Future Electronic Power Distribution Systems • Power electronics converters are used for: – Source interface – Load interface (only “coffee makers” are still non-electronic loads? ) – Power flow control and energy management • Advantages: – – High system controllability, flexibility, and responsiveness Increased availability Reduced size and weight Increased energy efficiency • Issues: – – Subsystem interactions (power flow, power quality, EMI, thermal) Complexity (not an issue if dynamics is understood & decoupled) Reliability and lifetime (not protection) Cost (not an issue if system and/or energy costs are reduced) May 20, 2010 db-10

Future Building as DC Nanogrid Energy Control Center with Bidirectional Converter k. Wh Web-based GUI ECC Time • Bidirectional power conversion • Separation of dynamics • Load management • DG management • Data acquisition • Communication • Islanded May 20, 2010 operation db-11