CELLULAR RESPIRATION STATIONS Markley 1 STATION 1 OVERVIEW

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION STATIONS Markley 1

CELLULAR RESPIRATION STATIONS Markley 1

STATION 1: OVERVIEW 2

STATION 1: OVERVIEW 2

Cellular Respiration Objectives: • Summarize how glucose is broken down in the first stage

Cellular Respiration Objectives: • Summarize how glucose is broken down in the first stage of cellular respiration. • Describe how ATP is made in the second stage of cellular respiration. • Identify the role of fermentation in the second stage of cellular respiration. • Evaluate the importance of oxygen in aerobic respiration. 3

Cellular Respiration • Is a series of reactions where fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, mostly

Cellular Respiration • Is a series of reactions where fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, mostly glucose, are broken down to make CO 2, water, and energy. 4

Mitochondria • Site of cellular respiration • Inter membrane – area between outer and

Mitochondria • Site of cellular respiration • Inter membrane – area between outer and inner membranes – contains a high H+ concentration- (acidic) • Matrix – area inside the inner membrane – low concentration of H+ (less acidic) • Cristae – folds in the inner membrane – allows for greater surface area Inter membrane 5

ATP • Most of the energy from cell respiration is converted into ATP •

ATP • Most of the energy from cell respiration is converted into ATP • ATP is a substance that powers most cell activities. 6

Vocabulary • Cellular Respiration – the transfer of energy from an organic compound into

Vocabulary • Cellular Respiration – the transfer of energy from an organic compound into ATP • Fermentation – the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen • Pyruvate- an ion of a three-carbon organic acid called pyruvic acid. 7

STATION 2: GLYCOLYSIS 8

STATION 2: GLYCOLYSIS 8

I. Glycolysis • Anerobic process of splitting glucose • Forms two pyruvic acid (pyruvate)

I. Glycolysis • Anerobic process of splitting glucose • Forms two pyruvic acid (pyruvate) • Produces hydrogen ions and electrons • Occurs in the cytoplasm • Net ATP = 2 9

STATION 3: TCA/ KREBS CYCLE 10

STATION 3: TCA/ KREBS CYCLE 10

Aerobic respiration • A. Breakdown of pyruvic acid – Forms acetyl-Co. A 11

Aerobic respiration • A. Breakdown of pyruvic acid – Forms acetyl-Co. A 11

II. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) • Chemical process that produces more ATP and

II. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) • Chemical process that produces more ATP and releases additional electrons (FADH 2 and NADH) • Occurs in the mitochondria • Cycle will happen twice per molecule of glucose • Net ATP = 2 12

STATION 4: Electron Transport Chain. STRUCTURE 13

STATION 4: Electron Transport Chain. STRUCTURE 13

Electron Transport Chain • Groups of redox proteins – On inner mitochondrial membrane –

Electron Transport Chain • Groups of redox proteins – On inner mitochondrial membrane – Binding sites for NADH and FADH 2 • • On matrix side of membrane Electrons transferred to redox proteins NADH reoxidized to NAD+ FADH 2 reoxidized to FAD 14

4 Complexes • • proteins in specific order Transfers 2 electrons in specific order

4 Complexes • • proteins in specific order Transfers 2 electrons in specific order – Proteins localized in complexes • • Embedded in membrane Ease of electron transfer – Electrons ultimately reduce oxygen to water • 2 H+ + 2 e- + ½ O 2 -- H 2 O 15

Electron Transport Chain 16

Electron Transport Chain 16

Complex 1 • Removes two electrons from NADH and transfers them to a lipid-soluble

Complex 1 • Removes two electrons from NADH and transfers them to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (Q), which dissolves into the membrane. • At the same time, Complex I moves four protons (H+) across the membrane, producing a proton gradient. 17

Complex II - Succinate • • • Is not a proton pump. It serves

Complex II - Succinate • • • Is not a proton pump. It serves to funnel additional electrons into the quinone pool (Q) by removing electrons from succinate and transferring them (via FAD) to Q. Point of entry for lipids and some out molecules into the chain. 18

 • • • Complex III Removes two electrons from QH 2 at the

• • • Complex III Removes two electrons from QH 2 at the QO site Transfers them to two molecules of cytochrome c, a water-soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space. The two other electrons passed across the protein quinone, which is reduced to quinol. 19

Complex IV • Removes four electrons from four molecules of cytochrome c • Transfers

Complex IV • Removes four electrons from four molecules of cytochrome c • Transfers electrons to molecular oxygen (O 2), producing two molecules of water (H 2 O). • At the same time, it moves four protons across the membrane, producing a proton gradient. 20

STATION 5: ETC – Pathways and Function 21

STATION 5: ETC – Pathways and Function 21

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STATION 6 – ETC – ATP PRODUCTION 23

STATION 6 – ETC – ATP PRODUCTION 23

Generation of ATP • Proton gradient is used by the FOF 1 ATP synthase

Generation of ATP • Proton gradient is used by the FOF 1 ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. • ATP synthase is sometimes regarded as complex V of the electron transport chain. 24

Generation of ATP Part 2 • The FO component of ATP synthase acts as

Generation of ATP Part 2 • The FO component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel for return of protons back to mitochondrial matrix. • Proton Gradient (H+) that was created through the moving of the electron through the ETC is used by the ATP Synthase to create ATP • Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production. 25

Generation of ATP part 3 • Step 1: H+ (protons) enter into ATP synthase

Generation of ATP part 3 • Step 1: H+ (protons) enter into ATP synthase at the F 0 end. • Step 2: F 0 end acts like a Ferris or Water Wheel. The Proton gets on and spins the F 0 section which causes the F 1 section to move • Step 3: The F 1 moves once for each of the H+ ions moving through F 0 • Step 4: F 1 Moves through the following sequence: Open – Bind/lock – Close – Open – ATP released from binding site on the ATP Synthase Enzyme leaving it open. – Bind/Lock – ADP and Pi (Inorganic Phosphate) bind to the binding site and are locked into place – Close – ATP Synthase f 1 portion slams shut forcing the ADP + Pi together to make ATP 26

ATP SYNTHASE 27

ATP SYNTHASE 27

Net ATP Production • For every glucose molecule – Glycolysis – Krebs cycle –

Net ATP Production • For every glucose molecule – Glycolysis – Krebs cycle – Electron transport chain = 2 ATP = 34 ATP – Total yield = 38 ATP 28

STATION 7 - FERMENTATION 29

STATION 7 - FERMENTATION 29

Anaerobic Respiration • Occurs when no oxygen is available • Fermentation – Anaerobic process

Anaerobic Respiration • Occurs when no oxygen is available • Fermentation – Anaerobic process of breaking down pyruvic acid (pyruvate) – Two types of anaerobic respiration • Lactic acid fermentation • Alcoholic fermentation 30

Lactic Acid Fermentation • Lactic acid is formed • Humans ferment lactic acid in

Lactic Acid Fermentation • Lactic acid is formed • Humans ferment lactic acid in muscles • Causes muscle stiffness after beginning exercise programs 31

Alcoholic fermentation • Formation of alcohol from sugar • Yeast converts glucose to pyruvic

Alcoholic fermentation • Formation of alcohol from sugar • Yeast converts glucose to pyruvic acid (pyruvate) • Then converts pyruvic acid (pyruvate) into ethanol (ethyl alcohol), a C-2 compound • Ethanol produced is found in beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages 32

REVIEW SONG 33

REVIEW SONG 33