CELLULAR RESPIRATION Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc publishing

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cellular Respiration vs. Respiration § Cellular Respiration is the utilization of O 2 and the production of CO 2 at the cellular level in the process of making energy (ATP). § Respiration is gas exchange between the atmosphere and body cells. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functions of the Respiratory System § Gas exchanges between the blood and external environment § Occurs in the alveoli of the lungs § Passageways to the lungs purify (cleanse), humidify (moisten), and warm the incoming air Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organs of the Respiratory System § Nose § Pharynx § Larynx § Trachea § Bronchi § Lungs—alveoli Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organs of the Respiratory System § Pharynx – passageway for food from the mouth to the esophagus § Larynx – conducts air in and out of the trachea § Responsible for voice production § Trachea – C-shaped hyaline cartilage that makes a flexible tube in front of the esophagus § Air passageway AKA “windpipe” Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organs of the Respiratory System Figure 13. 1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Nose § Only externally visible part of the respiratory system § Air enters the nose through the external nostrils (external nares) § Interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity § Lateral walls have projections called conchae § Fleshy lobes that increase surface area § Palate separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity § Anterior hard palate (bone) § Posterior soft palate (muscle) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Upper Respiratory Tract – Label page 1 Figure 13. 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Paranasal Sinuses § Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity are called sinuses § Sinuses are located in the following bones: § Frontal bone § Sphenoid bone § Ethmoid bone § Maxillary bone Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Upper Respiratory Tract—Paranasal Sinuses - Page 1 Figure 13. 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pharynx (Throat) § Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx § Three regions of the pharynx § Nasopharynx —superior region behind nasal cavity § Oropharynx —middle region behind mouth § Laryngopharynx —inferior region attached to larynx Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Upper Respiratory Tract: Pharynx - Label page 1 Figure 13. 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Larynx (Voice Box) § Routes air and food into proper channels § Plays a role in speech § Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon -shaped flap of elastic cartilage called the epiglottis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structures of the Larynx § Thyroid cartilage § Largest of the hyaline cartilages § AKA Adam’s apple § Epiglottis § Routes food to esophagus & air toward trachea § When swallowing, the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx § Vocal folds (true vocal cords) § Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech) § Glottis —opening between vocal cords (lumen of the larynx) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Esophagus & Trachea § Esophagus § Food passageway posterior to the trachea § Trachea § Four-inch-long air passageway that connects larynx with bronchi § Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage § Lined with ciliated mucosa that beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air § Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Upper Respiratory Tract: Larynx - Label page 1 Figure 13. 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Trachea (Windpipe) Figure 13. 3 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Trachea (Windpipe) Figure 13. 3 b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Main (Primary) Bronchi § Formed by division of the trachea § Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left § Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Main Bronchi Figure 13. 1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lungs § Occupy most of the thoracic cavity § Heart occupies central portion called mediastinum § Apex is near the clavicle (top portion of lung) § Base rests on the diaphragm (bottom portion) § Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures § Left lung —two lobes § Cardiac impression from the heart apex § Right lung —three lobes § Larger of the two lungs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lungs Figure 13. 4 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Main Bronchi Figure 13. 4 b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Coverings of the Lungs § Serosa covers the outer surface of the lungs § Visceral pleura covers the lung surface § Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity § Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding § These two pleural layers resist being pulled apart Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lungs Figure 13. 4 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions § All but the smallest of these passageways have reinforcing cartilage in their walls § Primary bronchi § Secondary bronchi § Tertiary bronchi § Terminal bronchioles § Respiratory Bronchioles § Smallest of the respiratory passageways Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 4 – Label & color Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Respiratory Zone § Structures § Respiratory bronchioles § Alveolar ducts § Alveolar sacs § Alveoli (air sacs) § Site of gas exchange in the lungs = Alveoli Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions Figure 13. 5 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions Figure 13. 5 b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) § Alveolar Epithelium § Thin squamous layer that lines alveolar walls § Pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of alveoli § On one side of the membrane is air and on the other side is blood flowing past Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Figure 13. 6 (2 of 2) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gas Exchange § Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by diffusion § Oxygen enters the blood § Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli § Alveolar macrophages (“dust cells”) add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris § Surfactant § Fluid that coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces § This reduces surface tension in the lungs to prevent alveolar collapse between breaths Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Figure 13. 6 (1 of 2) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 3 – Label & color Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nonrespiratory Air (Gas) Movements Table 13. 1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pathway of oxygen through respiratory system § External nares (nostrils) § Nasal cavity § Nasopharynx § Oropharnyx § Laryngopharynx § Glottis § Trachea § Primary/Main bronchus § Secondary bronchus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pathway of oxygen through respiratory system § Tertiary bronchus § Bronchiole § Terminal bronchiole § Respiratory bronchiole § Alveolus § Erthyrocyte (red blood cell) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings