Cellular Respiration Adenosine Triphosphate Universal energy carrier of

Cellular Respiration

Adenosine Triphosphate • Universal energy carrier of the cell – – – Active transport Reproduction Movement Muscle contractions Protein synthesis • Hydrolysis of ATP + H 2 O ADP + Pi + Energy • Energy used to produce heat & drive processes

Cellular Respiration Glucose 1 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + 36 ATP • Primarily in mitochondria • Chemical energy in glucose converted to ATP • Necessary for both consumers (heterotrophs) and producers (autotrophs)

Glycolysis • Start: Glucose (6 carbon molecule) • 2 ATP energizes the glucose – Phosphate breaks from ATP • Glucose (6 C) broken into two Pyruvates (3 C) • Finish: Two pyruvates 4 ATPs NADH (H taxi)

NAD H Pyruvate ATP NAD H ATP Pyruvate

Glycolysis Summary

Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Step 1: Pyruvate broken down – Pyruvate (3 C) is split into Acetic Acid (2 C) and CO 2 – More NADH created

CO 2 Acetic acid

• Step 2: Coenzyme A – Acetic Acid (2 C) combines with coenzyme A to create Acetyl-Co. A (2 C)

• Step 3: Citric Acid formed – Acetyl-Co. A (2 C) binds with 4 C molecule (from previous Kreb’s cycle) – Citric Acid (6 C) created

• Step 4: Citric Acid broken down – Citric Acid (6 C) broken into 5 C molecule – CO 2 waste created – More NADH created

5 C Citric molecule acid CO 2

• Step 5: 5 C molecule broken down – 5 C molecule broken down into 4 C molecule – CO 2 waste created – More NADH created – ATP created

5 Cmolecule 4 C ATP CO 2

• Step 6: 4 C molecule rearranged – Enzymes rearrange the 4 C molecule – More NADH, FADH 2 created – 4 C molecule restarts the Kreb’s cycle when bonded with Acetyl. Co. A

acid 4 C Citric molecule Acetyl co. A 4 C acid molecule Citric Acetyl co. A

Kreb’s Summary • 2 Pyruvate molecules (from glycolysis) create: – 6 CO 2, 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH 2

Glycolysis: net gain of 2 ATP Pyruvate

Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) CO 2 Acetic acid

Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 5 C Citric molecule acid CO 2

Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 5 Cmolecule 4 C ATP CO 2

Electron Transport Chain • Step 1: Electrons removed – Electrons removed from NADH and FADH 2

H+ H+ H+ • Step 2: Hydrogen Ions Transported – Proteins pump H+ ions across inner membrane of mitochondria – H+ ions accumulate

H+ H+ ATP ATP • Step 3: ATP produced – H+ ions diffuse through protein channels to bind ADP + Pi – 34 ATP created

H+ O O O H+ H+ H 2 O • Step 4: Water created – Oxygen binds with H+ ions to create 6 H 2 O as a waste

Your essay question on the next test! Trace the flow of energy, including ATP, from the sun to your muscles, after eating a green leaf salad.

Glycolysis Summary

Kreb’s Summary • 2 Pyruvate molecules (from glycolysis) create: – 6 CO 2, 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH 2

Electron Transport Chain • Find diagram