CELLS Two main types of cells are and

The boundary structure that physically defines a cell is the. A. Cell wall B.

Where is the secreted protein insulin synthesized? A. In the Golgi apparatus B. On

Cell Is the Basic Unit of Life n Cell theory: An organism can be

n cells are too small to be viewed by the naked eye, one way

Cell types n two major types: ¨ Prokaryotic: bacteria and archae n n lacks

n Prokaryotes ¨ Little internal organization ¨ Much smaller than eukaryotes © 2009 W.

■ Eukaryotes o. DNA contained in nucleus o. Membrane‑enclosed organelles o. Internal compartments for

n Different eukaryotic cells ¨ Protist, fungi, plants= cell wall beyond the plasma membrane

Cell Structure n Cellular structure is organized:

The Plasma Membrane • Defines the boundary of the cell • Consists of a

© 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 3

Nucleus: The Administrative Office n n command control center of the cell stores hereditary

n Nucleolus dark-staining region of the nucleus n contains the genes that code for

Mitochondrion: Power Plant n n Double‑membrane organelle Inner membrane folded into cristae Harnesses energy

Chloroplast: Photosynthesis n n Double‑membrane organelle Contains grana, made of thylakoids Converts CO 2

The Endoplasmic Reticulum: The Factory Floor n n Interconnected tubes and flattened sacs Rough

Golgi: Shipping Department n Stacked, flattened membrane sacs n Processes new proteins and lipids

Vesicles: Movement in the Cell n Vesicles ¨ Membrane‑enclosed n sacs Transport vesicles ¨

Lysosomes: Clean-up Crew n n n Small spherical organelles Contain enzymes to break down

Peroxisomes: Detoxy centers n n Derivate from membranes in the cell The functions are:

The Central Vacuole: Storage A specialized structure in plants and fungi n Breaks down

Cytoskeleton: microfilament n intermediate filament n n microtubule Gives the cell its shape Provides

Movement n Used as tracks for vesicle movement or the whole cell © 2009

Cilia and Flagella n Cilia beat in unison like oars n Flagella beat like

Centrioles • • • complex structures In animal cells and protists Functions: • •

Cell Wall – found in • Plants • Fungi • protists – function in:

Extracellular matrix (ECM) • Outside the plasma membrane • in animal cells • mixture

Evolution of Organelles • Eukaryotes most likely evolved from prokaryotes – Larger prokaryotes ingested

Extra credit…. Make flash cards with all the following terms Cell Chloroplast Chromosome Cilium

Review Question 1: Cell theory includes the principle that A) cells are the smallest

4: Within the nucleus of a cell you can find ____ 5: The endomembrane

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CELLS Two main types of cells are ______ and _______. A. Prokaryotic; eukaryotic B. Bacterial; animal C. Nerves; muscles D. Plant; animal

Where is the secreted protein insulin synthesized? A. In the Golgi apparatus B. On the rough ER C. On ribosomes in the cytoplasm D. In the nucleus © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 42

Cell Is the Basic Unit of Life n Cell theory: An organism can be one celled or multicellular ¨ Multicellular ¨ Humans n organisms have billions of cells have over 200 types of cells Hooke first described cells in 1665 ¨ Schleiden (1838) recognized plant cells ¨ Schwann (1839) reported animal cells © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 2

n cells are too small to be viewed by the naked eye, one way to increase resolution is to increase magnification, such as by using a microscope

Cell types n two major types: ¨ Prokaryotic: bacteria and archae n n lacks a nucleus Without a system of internal membranes ¨ Eukaryotic: algae, fungi, plants, animals n n has a nucleus has internal membrane-bound compartments

n Different eukaryotic cells ¨ Protist, fungi, plants= cell wall beyond the plasma membrane ¨ Protist, plants= chloroplasts ¨ Plants= central vacuole ¨ Animals= centrioles

Cell Structure n Cellular structure is organized:

The Plasma Membrane • Defines the boundary of the cell • Consists of a bilayer of lipids with proteins for communication with external environment – Selective permeability – and act as markers= blood types • Fluid mosaic model – Mobility of components of the membrane © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 7

Nucleus: The Administrative Office n n command control center of the cell stores hereditary information: DNA Surrounded by a double-membrane nuclear envelope Nuclear pores are gateways for molecules © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 11

n Nucleolus dark-staining region of the nucleus n contains the genes that code for the r. RNA (ribosomal RNA) that makes up the ribosomes n the subunits leave the nucleus via the nuclear pores and the final ribosome is assembled in the cytoplasm n

Mitochondrion: Power Plant n n Double‑membrane organelle Inner membrane folded into cristae Harnesses energy from chemical breakdown Cellular respiration ¨ Produce ATP © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 23

Chloroplast: Photosynthesis n n Double‑membrane organelle Contains grana, made of thylakoids Converts CO 2 and H 2 O into sugars using light Chlorophyll enables photosynthesis Figure 5. 10 © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 25

The Endoplasmic Reticulum: The Factory Floor n n Interconnected tubes and flattened sacs Rough ER ¨ Ribosomes ¨ Makes membrane and secreted proteins n Figure 5. 4 Smooth ER ¨ Makes membrane vesicles © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 13

Golgi: Shipping Department n Stacked, flattened membrane sacs n Processes new proteins and lipids ¨ Adds specific chemical groups ¨ Targets them to their destinations © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 17

Lysosomes: Clean-up Crew n n n Small spherical organelles Contain enzymes to break down macromolecules Release simple sugars, amino acids, and fats to be recycled ¨ To ¨ As ¨ To clear cell of damaged organelles a source of food destroy invading bacteria © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 19

Peroxisomes: Detoxy centers n n Derivate from membranes in the cell The functions are: 1. 2. detoxify harmful byproducts of metabolism convert fats to carbohydrates in plants seeds for growth

The Central Vacuole: Storage A specialized structure in plants and fungi n Breaks down substances n Stores chemicals for later use Figure 5. 8 n Fills with water to provide rigidity n © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 21

Cytoskeleton: microfilament n intermediate filament n n microtubule Gives the cell its shape Provides internal support Is responsible for movement 27

Centrioles • • • complex structures In animal cells and protists Functions: • • anchor locomotory structures assemble microtubules near the nuclear envelope for the cell division

Cell Wall – found in • Plants • Fungi • protists – function in: • Protection • maintaining cell shape • preventing excessive water loss/uptake

Extracellular matrix (ECM) • Outside the plasma membrane • in animal cells • mixture of proteins: Collagen and elastin for protective layer • ECM coordinates cells functioning as tissues

Evolution of Organelles • Eukaryotes most likely evolved from prokaryotes – Larger prokaryotes ingested smaller prokaryotes • Free-living mitochondria and chloroplasts were captured – Formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the host cell © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 39

Extra credit…. Make flash cards with all the following terms Cell Chloroplast Chromosome Cilium Ribosome Rough ER Smooth ER Vacuole Vesicle Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Nuclear envelope Eukaryote Flagellum Nucleolus Fluid mosaic Nucleus model Organelle Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane. Extra cellular matrix Prokaryote Lysosome Mitochondrion peroxysome

Review Question 1: Cell theory includes the principle that A) cells are the smallest living things B) all cells are surrounded by cell walls C) all organisms are made up of many cells D) Nothing smaller than an organelle is considered alive. 2: The plasma membrane is: A) carbohydrate layer that to protect B) double lipid layer with proteins inserted in it C) thin sheet of structural proteins that lines the inside of some body cavities D) composed of blood plasma that has solidified into a protective barrier. 3: Organisms that have cells with cytoplasm and no organelles are called _______, and organisms whose cells have organelles and a nucleus are called _______ A) cellulose, nuclear B) flagellated, streptococcal C) eukaryotes, prokaryotes D) prokaryotes, eukaryotes

4: Within the nucleus of a cell you can find ____ 5: The endomembrane system within a cell includes A) cytoskeleton and ribosomes. B) prokaryotes and eukaryotes C) endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi D) mitochondria and the chloroplasts. 6: Which of the following statements is true? A) All cells have a cell wall for protection and structure. B) Eukaryotic cells in plants and fungi, and all prokaryotes, have a cell wall. C) There is a second membrane composed of structural carbohydrates surrounding all cells. D) Prokaryotes and all cells of eukaryotic animals have a cell wall.