Cells Eukaryote Prokaryote 1 Cell Membrane 2 Cell

Cells Eukaryote Prokaryote 1. Cell Membrane 2. Cell walls of peptidoglycan 3. DNA, but random in cell Animals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ribosome Golgi ER (smooth and rough) Lysosome Cytoskeleton Only Animals: 1. Flagella/Cillia 2. Centriole 1. Nucleus 2. Cell membrane Plants All of Animals with the following extra • Cell wall Cellulose • Chloroplasts (chlorophyll), ”plast”=pigment sac • Large vacuole for water

Plant vs Animal Lab Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell Structure and Function • Robert Hooke (1665) – Cork “cells” • The Cell Theory – 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells – 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of all organisms – 3. All cells come from preexisting cells

Cell Differences • Plant Cells ONLY: – Cell Wall – Large Central Vacuole – Plastids (ex: chloroplasts)

Basic Parts of Cells • Plasma Membrane – – – 1. Encloses outer boundary of cell 2. Regulates what goes in and out of cell. Plasma Membrane, cont. Composed of lipids and proteins Amphipathic – Hydrophobic AND Hydrophilic “Selectively Permeable” * Fence and Security Department of Factory

Basic Parts of Cells Cytoplasm – Everything inside cell EXCEPT nucleus - Cell Wall – plant and fungus cells - Protection and support - Outside plasma membrane - Made up of Cellulose (undigestable for humans ie fiber)

Basic Parts of Cells • Ribosomes – Site of Protein Formation – Most Numerous of all Organelles *Manufacturing Machines of Factory

Basic Parts of Cells • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – Transport and Production of Proteins 1. Smooth ER – No ribosomes 2. Rough ER – Contains Ribosomes • Assembly Line / Conveyor Belt of Factory

Basic Parts of Cells • Golgi Apparatus – Areas for Storage / Packaging of Chemicals * Shipping Warehouse of Factory

Basic Parts of Cells • Mitochondria – “powerhouses of the cell” – Release energy from food brought into cell • ATP – energy molecule of the cell 1. Outer Membrane 2. Inner, Folded Membrane * Coal-burning Furnaces of Factory

Basic Parts of Cells • Plastids – found only in plants and algae – Sacs containing food or pigments – Chloroplasts • Contain green pigment “chlorophyll” • Convert light energy from Sun into chemical energy

Basic Parts of Cells • Vacuole – Storage “bubble” inside the cell – Water, other liquids, food and waste Plant Cells – LARGE central vacuole Animal Cells – Small vacuoles or no vacuoles • Lysosome – contain digestive enzymes – Break down bacteria, food, old cell parts, etc

Basic Parts of Cells • Cilia / Flagella – present on mobile cells Made of microtubules (protein fibers) Project outward from plasma membrane • Cilia – small hair-like projections • Cell movement / Movement of substances across cell surface • Flagella – long whip-like projection • Cell Movement

Cellular Transport Website for Assistance • Two Basic Classifications – Active: Uses ATP energy (produced in mitochondria • Moves against a concentration gradient (low to high) • [x]= concentration of x • Endocytosis-Exocytosis – Passive: Does not use cellular energy (ATP) • Goes down a concentration gradient (high to low) • Diffusion-facilitated diffusion-osmosis Brownian Movement: Molecules are always in random motion

Diffusion (Passive) Role of Concentration Gradient: Move from area of [high] to [low] • Proceed to Equilibrium: – Molecules will have maximum separation between them – Effects of Temperature: The greater the temp, the faster the motion=faster diffusion

Osmosis • Specific type of Diffusion • Water is free to pass through cell membrane, the stars (solutes) are not • Three Types of Environments Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic Blood Plasmolysis = on both sides Cell Shrinks Turgor Pressure Contractile Vacuole must pump out water

Cell Membrane • Fluid Mosaic • Characteristics • Selectively permeable • Role of Carrier Proteins

Cell Membrane • Integral Proteins: • Glycoproteins: Identify and act as receptors • Cholesterol: Gives membrane support in animals

Use of Membrane Proteins • Facilitative Diffusion: Molecule needs “help” across the membrane (carrier protein) • Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP) and a carrier protein