CELLS CELLULAR COMPONENTS PROCESES MODERN CELL THEORY The

CELLS CELLULAR COMPONENTS & PROCESES

MODERN CELL THEORY The cell theory states 3 facts that scientist know about all cells. 1. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. (Keeps things alive)

2. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. (Unicellular or Multicellular)

3. All cells come from other cells. .

There are two types of cells: 1. 2. ¡ Prokaryotic- cells that DO NOT have a nucleus or other cell ORGANELLES Eukaryotic- cells with a NUCLEUS & cell ORGANELLES REMEMBER YOU ARE EUKARYOTIC!

¡ Eukaryotic Cell (Animal Cell)

¡ The parts of a cell that carry out a function (Jobs) are called cell ORGANELLES: ¡ All cells have the following organelles: l Cell Membrane l Cytoplasm l Ribosomes (Make proteins) l DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid

ORGANELLES ¡ little “organs” of the cell ¡ Organelles are present in BOTH plant cells and animal cells ¡ Carry out cellular functions (jobs) Break down materials l Repair l Storage l

Eukariotic Organelles ¡ ¡ Some organelles are only found in Eukaryotic Cells (plant and animal cells) Don’t Forget—all cells have l DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm

Both Plant and Animal Cells ¡ Nucleus ¡ Mitochondria ¡ Endoplasmic Reticulum ¡ Vacuoles Animal Cell Centriole Plant Cell Wall Chloroplast

Nucleus ¡ cellular l control center Controls cellular activity ¡ contains hereditary material (DNA in chromosomes) ¡ self duplicating structure divides when the cell divides

Nuclear membrane ¡ surrounds nucleus allowing certain materials to enter and leave

Ribosomes ¡ sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm ¡ may be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ¡ In charge of storage, synthesis, and transport of materials within the cell ¡ Breaks down drugs ¡ “HIGHWAY” for cell transport

Cytoplasm ¡ over 80 % water ¡ “HOLDS” cell organelles in place ¡ site of most organelles and cellular chemical reactions

Vacuole Two Types: l l Storage vacuole--store and digest ingested (eaten) food or stores H 2 O Contractile vacuole-pumps excess water from cells maintaining homeostasis

Plant Cells have very LARGE vacuoles to store A LOT of water

Lysosome ¡ digest bacteria and foods entering the cell ¡ breakdown organelles worn out cell

Mitochondria ¡ "Powerhouse ¡ “Mighty” ¡ carries of the cell" mitochondria on cellular respiration – how are cells use oxygen to make energy ¡ Energy=ATP

Golgi apparatus (complex) ¡ usually located near the nucleus ¡ Packages waste & harmful materials to be sent out of the cell

Cell membrane ¡ ¡ The cell membrane is SEMI-PERMEABLE (selectively permeable) Only some things (selected things) can enter the cell

ANIMAL CELL ORGANELE ONLY ¡ Centriole- looks like spaghetti ¡ Helps animal cells divide

PLANT CELL ORGANELLES ONLY ¡ Cell Wall- surrounds and supports the cell ¡ Gives the plant cell structure & support ¡ Chloroplasts- green in colorcontain the green pigment chlorophyll which carries on photosynthesis l Uses the sun’s energy to make food for the plant

Movement inside the Cell ¡ The cell is always exchanging “things” with what is outside ¡ Objects such as glucose (sugar), water, salt and wastes need to move into or out of the cell ¡ There are three types of

Types of movement in Cells 1. Passive transport - movement of substances through a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration o o No energy needed (ATP) – From a crowded area to a less crowded area

Traveling through the cell membrane Two types of Passive Transport (no ATP) Diffusion and Osmosis The goal of both is to reach EQUILIBRIUM within the cell An equal amount inside and outside the cell (neither is crowded)

Diffusion ¡ When molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Osmosis ¡ The movement of water through a membrane from a region of higher to lower concentration Solute - substance being dissolved in a liquid (ex. salt) ¡ Solvent - substance doing the dissolving (ex. water) ¡ Semi-permeable membrane (selectively permeable)-allows some molecules to pass but not others ¡

¡ So, describe how “Kool-Aid”® is made with regard to the terms “solute” and “solvent”. What is the “universal solvent”?

Types of Movement 2. Active transport - movement of substances through a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration – o o requires energy (ATP) going into a crowded area

¡ Exocytosis- the movement of a substance out of the cell ¡ Endocytosis- the movement of a substance into the cell

¡ Phagocytosis- cytoplasm of cell surrounds and engulfs particle— ¡ ex. White blood cell engulfs a bacteria (antigen) and kills it