Cells Cell Organelles The Building Blocks of Life

Cells & Cell Organelles The Building Blocks of Life AP Biology 2008 -2009

Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells Regents Biology plant cells

Cell size comparison most bacteria Animal cell Bacterial cell § 1 -10 microns eukaryotic cells § 10 -100 microns Regents Biology § micron = micrometer = 1/1, 000 meter § diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

Why study cells? § Cells Tissues Organs Bodies bodies are made up of cells u cells do all the work of life! u Regents Biology

The Work of Life § What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live… u “breathe” § gas exchange: CO 2 vs. O 2 u eat § take in & digest food u make energy § ATP u ATP build molecules § proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids u u remove wastes control internal conditions respond to external environment build more cells § growth, Regents Biology repair, reproduction & development

Organelles § Organelles do the work of cells u each structure has a job to do § keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive Regents Biology Model Animal Cell

Cells need power! § Making energy u to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must… § § ATP u take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O 2) make ATP remove waste organelles that do this work… § § Regents Biology cell membrane lysosomes vacuoles & vesicles mitochondria

Cell membrane § Function separates cell from outside u controls what enters or leaves cell phosphate “head” u § O 2, CO 2, food, H 2 O, nutrients, waste u recognizes signals from other cells § allows communication between cells § Structure u double layer of fat § phospholipid bilayer u receptor molecules § proteins Regents Biology lipid “tail”

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals

Vacuoles & vesicles § Function moving material around cell u storage u small food particle § Structure u membrane sac vacuole Regents Biology digesting food inside cell

Food & water storage food vacuoles plant cells central vacuole animal cells Regents Biology contractile vacuole

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals

§ Function Lysosomes u u digest food clean up & recycle § digest broken organelles § Structure u lysosomes small food particle digesting broken organelles vacuole digesting food Regents Biology membrane sac of digestive enzymes

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling

Mitochondria § Function u make ATP energy from cellular respiration § sugar + O 2 ATP § fuels the work of life § Structure u double membrane in both animal & plant cells Regents Biology ATP

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling

Plants make energy two ways! § Mitochondria u ATP make energy from sugar + O 2 § cellular respiration § sugar + O 2 ATP § Chloroplasts u make energy + sugar from sunlight § photosynthesis § sunlight + CO 2 ATP & sugar w ATP = active energy w sugar = stored energy n Regents Biology build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars sugar ATP

Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells mitochondria Regents Biology chloroplast

cytoplasm central vacuole storage: food, water or waste cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up

Cells need workers (proteins)! § Making proteins u to run daily life & growth, the cell must… § read genes (DNA) § build proteins w structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) w enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) w signals (hormones) & receptors u organelles that do this work… § § Regents Biology nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus

Proteins do all the work! one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! structure enzymes signals receptors DNA Regents Biology proteins cells

Nucleus § Function control center of cell u protects DNA u § instructions for building proteins § Structure nuclear membrane u nucleolus u § ribosome factory u chromosomes § DNA Regents Biology

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals

Ribosomes § Function u u protein factories read instructions to build proteins from DNA § Structure u u u 2 subunits some free in cytoplasm some attached to ER Ribosomes on ER large subunit Regents Biology small subunit

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes builds proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum § Function u part of protein factory § helps complete the proteins u makes membranes § Structure u rough ER § ribosomes attached § works on proteins u smooth ER § makes membranes Regents Biology

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals nucleus protects DNA controls cell ER helps finish proteins makes membranes

Golgi Apparatus § Function u finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins § like UPS headquarters w shipping & receiving department u ships proteins in vesicles § “UPS trucks” § Structure u vesicles carrying proteins membrane sacs Regents Biology transport vesicles

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals nucleus protects DNA controls cell ER helps finish proteins makes membranes Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins

endoplasmic reticulum nucleus protein on its way! DNA RNA vesicle TO: vesicle ribosomes TO: finished protein Making Proteins Regents Biology Golgi apparatus

nucleus control cell protects DNA endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins makes membranes ribosomes make proteins cytoplasm central vacuole storage: food, water or waste Golgi apparatus finish & ship proteins cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up

Cells need to make more cells! § Making more cells u to replace, repair & grow, the cell must… § copy their DNA § make extra organelles § divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells u organelles that do this work… § nucleus § centrioles Regents Biology

Centrioles § Function u help coordinate cell division § Structure one pair in each cell u “motor” proteins u Regents Biology

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling nucleus protects DNA controls cell centrioles cell division ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals ER helps finish proteins makes membranes Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins

Cell Summary § Cells have 3 main jobs u make energy § need food + O 2 § cellular respiration & photosynthesis Our § need to remove wastes u make proteins organelles do all those jobs! § need instructions from DNA § need to chain together amino acids & “finish” & “ship” the protein u make more cells § need to copy DNA & divide it up Regents Biology

That’s my cellular story… Any Questions? AP Biology 2008 -2009