Cells Big Picture Review Eukaryotes Prokaryotes organelles cell

Cells Big Picture Review Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes; organelles; cell transport; cell energy;

Organelles- Tiny structures that have specialized functions • Mitochondrion • Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Golgi body • Centrioles • Chloroplast (plant) • Vacuole • Lysosomes

What do Animal cells have that Plant cells don’t? • A small vacuole • lysosomes • cytoskeleton

What do Plant cells have that Animal cells don’t? • Central vacuole • Chloroplasts • Cell wall

Phospholipids • A pair of fatty acid chains attached to a phosphate group • Polar (water-soluble) heads face out • nonpolar (water-insoluble) fatty acids hang inside. Polar Head – phosphate group Draw and Label Nonpolar Tail – lipid (fatty acids)

Types of Passive Transport • Simple Diffusion – Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration • Simplest form of passive transport

Passive Transport • Substances move, at random (by kinetic energy), to establish an equilibrium – the same amount on each side

Osmosis • Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane • Moves water based on the amount of dissolved particles • Water moves from an area with a lot of “free” water molecules to an area with less “free” water molecules

FACILITATED DIFFUSION • FACILITATED DIFFUSION Moves specific substances through a cell membrane with the aid of a carrier (transport) protein.

Active Transport Low concentration to high concentration Requires ATP Uses “Pumps” to get through cell membrane

THEY ALL HAVE 4 COMMON FEATURES • CYTOPLASM • CYTOSKELETON • RIBOSOMES • CELL MEMBRANE

Prokaryotes (primitive cells) • Lack membrane bound organelles • Have a cell wall • Some have cilia or flagellum • No nucleus- Loop of DNA in the cytoplasm

EUKARYOTIC CELLS • HAVE A NUCLEUS- TRUE CENTER • HAVE MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES • DNA IS LOCATED IN THE NUCLEUS

Cell Membrane • Acts as a barrier • Surrounds the cell • Regulates what enters and leaves- Selectively Permeable • Composed of proteins and phospholipids, • Arranged into a lipid bilayer.

Chemical Reactions • Chemical Reaction- A process by which atoms are changed or reorganized. • Chemical Reactions need energy. • In a Reaction, you start with the reactants and end up with the products. • Reactants- Products

Photosynthesis in Overview • Process by which plants and other autotrophs store the energy of sunlight into sugars. • Requires sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. • Overall equation: 6 CO 2 + 6 H 20 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 • Occurs in the leaves of plants in organelles called chloroplasts.

Cell Respiration in Overview • Process by which organisms use sugar and oxygen to make energy. • Requires oxygen and sugar. • Overall equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 20 + Energy (ATP) • Occurs in cells in the mitochondria.

ATP • ATP stores energy • Energy is released when the bond between the 2 nd and 3 rd phosphate group is broken, forming ADP. Adding another phosphate will change it back to ATP. • ATP is like a charged battery. • ADP is like an empty battery.