Cells 1 1 1 f compare the ultrastructure

Cells 1. 1. 1. f

• compare the ultrastructure of a leucocyte and a palisade mesophyll cell, as seen with an electron microscope, to illustrate the differences between animal and plant cells as examples of eukaryotic cells (to include the cell surface membrane, Golgi apparatus, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ribosomes, lysosomes, vesicles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton, cell wall, nucleus and nucleolus);

Task Draw and label an animal cell and a plant cell.

What is a cell? Cells are the basic unit of life. They are small membrane-bound structures containing several smaller structures called organelles. There are two main categories of cell, each of which have important different structural properties: eukaryotic cell, including the cells of animals and plants prokaryotic cell, including bacterial cells.

The cell membrane and cytoplasm All cells, and all true organelles, are contained within a membrane, based on a phospholipid bilayer. The cell membrane holds a cell together and controls what enters and leaves the cytoplasm, as it is a selectively permeable barrier. The cytoplasm comprises a liquid called cytosol, and all the organelles suspended in it (except the nucleus in eukaryotes). The cell membrane and cytoplasm are universal features of the living cell.

Cells need energy to carry out vital processes. o Where does this energy come from? o What is the name of the process that releases energy?

The universal energy carrier Cells need a constant supply of energy to carry out vital processes such as protein synthesis, DNA replication and cell division. This energy originally comes from fuel molecules, such as glucose, consumed by the organism. These are broken down during aerobic or anaerobic respiration, and the energy released is used to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP ADP ATP diffuses throughout the cell, and breaks down into adenosine diphosphate (ADP), releasing chemical energy wherever it is needed.

Eukaryotic Cells

What is a eukaryote? A eukaryote is any organism consisting of one or more cells that contain DNA in a membrane-bound nucleus, separate from the cytoplasm. Eukaryotes include: • animals • plants • fungi • a diverse group known as the protists (or protoctists). All eukaryotic cells contain a large number of specialized, membrane-bound organelles.

The organelles of protein synthesis