Cell Wall Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Cytoplasm Chromosomes Nucleus
Cell Wall Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Cytoplasm Chromosomes Nucleus Mitochondria
Schematic of the plasma membrane http: //www. ncnr. nist. gov/programs/reflect/rp/biology/cell_membrane. html
Cell Division: 1) Mitosis-ordinary cell division 2) Meiosis-gamete cell division
Mitosis: Ordinary cell division
Mitosis: I. Chromosomes are expanded into long structures in the nucleus and are invisible under the light microscope.
Mitosis: II. Chromosomes replicate and condense. With appropriate staining, they can now be seen under a microscope.
Mitosis: III. The nuclear wall degrades, spindles form and attach themselves to the chromosomes.
Mitosis: IV. Spindles pull the chromosome pairs apart, pulling them to opposite poles of the cell.
Mitosis: V. Nucleus develops around each set of chromosomes and the cell wall starts to form, splitting the cell.
Mitosis: VI. Nucleus and cell wall complete development and chromosomes expand, giving two daughter cells.
Meiosis: Cell Division Generating Gametes
Meiosis: I. As in mitosis, chromosomes replicate and condense.
Meiosis: II. Unlike mitosis, the maternal (solid) and paternal (dotted) chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material.
Meiosis: III. Spindles form, attach themselves and pull the chromosomes to the poles of the cell.
Meiosis: IV. The cell divides.
Meiosis: V. Spindles form again and pull each chromosome away from its partner.
Meiosis: VI. Each cell divides again, reducing the number of chromosomes to half that of the original cell.
Cell Workings: Metabolism & Catabolism Key Concepts: 1) Lock & Key 2) Cut or Paste
2. bind together, forming a substrate-enzyme complex. 1. Substrate and enzyme substrate enzyme 3. A chemical reaction occurs, 4. leaving a product when the enzyme dissociates. product
Tyrosine tyrosine hydroxylase DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) DOPA decarboxylase DA (dopamine) dopamine b hydroxylase NE (norepinepherine)
Cell Communication: Key Concepts: 1) Lock (Receptor) & Key (Hormones, Neurotransmitters) 2) Dimmer Switch
The Neuron
Terminal Dendrites Cell Body Axon Nucleus Buttons
Glial Cell Neurons © Dennis. Kunkel: www. Dennis. Kunkel. com
Neurons http: //www. alz. org/brain/05. asp
Synaptic Button Vesicle Neurotransmitter molecules Receptor
Vesicle 1. Neuron fires. 2. Vesicles release neurotransmitter which exits the cell. Neurotransmitter 3. Neurotransmitter binds with receptor initiating a cascade of chemical events in the next cell. Presynaptic Neuron Enzyme Presynaptic Receptor 4. Excess neurotransmitter chewed up by enzymes and/or taken back by the neuron where it may also be degraded Enzyme by enzymes. Postsynaptic Receptor Postsynaptic Neuron
http: //www. drugabuse. gov/pubs/teaching 4/largegifs/slide 10. gif
http: //www. driesen. com/neurotransmitter_processes. jpg
Effects of neurotransmission: 1) Short term = ion transfer (changes polarity of postsynaptic neuron) 2) Long term = second messenger system (changes proteins, changes dimmer switch)
Ions Neurotransmitter Receptor Enzyme Activating Ion Channel
Ions Neurotransmitter Receptor Scaffolding Molecule Ion Channel Second Messenger Molecule Signal to Cell
Serotonin projections from the Raphe nuclei http: //learn. genetics. utah. edu/content/addiction/reward/pathways. html
Serotonin second messenger signaling pathway http: //www. ariadnegenomics. com/products/pathway-studio/sample-pathways/serotoninr-1/
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