Cell Theory Three Principles 1 All living things

Cell Theory Three Principles: 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of organization in living organisms. 3. All cells come from pre-existing/living cells. They pass on genetic information to their daughter cells.

Cell Organelles and Their Functions

5 Common Features of All Cells: • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. All Cells (Pro & Euk) have 5 Common organelles: Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Chromosomal DNA Cytoskeleton

Cell/Plasma Membrane • Made up of a Phospholipid Bilayer • Lipids- form a barrier that separates the outside of the cell from the inside of the cell • Gate Keeper of Cell because it is Selectively Permeable (only allows some things in and out) Types of Cells: Bacterium, Protist, Fungus, Plant, and Animal

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic: “before a nucleus" - unicellular - lacks a nucleus - 1 circular piece of chromosomal DNA - smaller than Eukaryotes - reproduce by Binary Fission There are 2 types: 1. Eubacteria (True bacteria) 2. Archaebacteria (Extremaphiles) Memory Aid: PRO NO

What organelles does a Prokaryote contain? Remember all cells contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, and, chromosomal DNA Cell Wall: rigid layer surrounding the cell membrane and provides protection and support • Capsule: Layer that lies outside the cell wall • Flagellum: Few long threadlike appendages used for locomotion • Pilli: Short threadlike appendages allowing bacteria to attach to surfaces Types of cells: Bacterium, Fungi, Plant

Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic: “true nucleus” – unicellular or multi-cellular – contains a nucleus (DNA found inside the nuclear membrane/envelope) – many linear strands of chromosomal DNA – bigger than prokaryotes – reproduce using mitosis There are 4 kingdoms of organisms with eukaryotic cells : Protista, Fungi, Plants, Animals Memory Aid: EU TRUE

What organelles does the Eukaryote contain? Remember all cells contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, and, chromosomal DNA Membrane bound organelles – – – – Nucleus Mitochondrion Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Chloroplast Cell Wall

Nucleus • Container which stores the hereditary information (DNA) and regulates the production of proteins • Manager of the cell – Nuclear Envelope double membrane that surrounds the nucleus – Nuclear Pores small channels through which larger materials pass in/out of the nucleus – Nucleolus makes ribosomes Types of cells: Protist, Fungus, Plant, Animal

Chromosomal DNA • “Blueprint” for all the cell’s characteristics. • Hereditary material that tells the cell what proteins to make. • Found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells • Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells Types of cells: Bacterium, Protist, Fungus, Plant, and Animal

Cytoplasm • Jelly-like fluid contents of cells in which organelles are found • Cytosol: fluid within the cytoplasm • Types of Cells: Bacterium, Protist, Fungus, Plant, and Animal

Cytoskeleton • Provides the interior frame work of a cell • Anchors the cell’s organelles • Types of Cells: Bacterium, Protist, Fungus, Plant, and Animal

Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells Plants cells have 3 Organelles that Animal Cells don’t have Remember the 3 C’s: 1. Cell Wall 2. Chloroplast 3. Central Vacuole

Ribosome • Assembles (makes) proteins from raw materials following directions from the nucleus • Types of cells: Bacterium, Protist, Fungus, Plant, and Animal

Mitochondria • Breaks down food (glucose) and releases energy in the form of ATP for the cell to use. • This process is called respiration. Contain their own DNA Types of cells: Protist, Fungus, Plant, Animal Memory Aid: Powerhouse of the Cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Membrane system of interconnected channels through which materials are transported There are 2 types of ER: Rough: has ribosomes transports proteins from the ribosomes to the Golgi apparatus Smooth: no ribosomes synthesizes and transports lipids Types of cells: Protist, Fungus, Plant, Animal Memory Aid: Subway

Golgi Apparatus Flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into sacs called vesicles. Vesicles can then travel through the cytoplasm to deliver proteins. Some fuse with the cell membrane to release the proteins into the environment outside the cell. Types of cells: Protist, Fungus, Plant, Animal Memory Aid: Post Office

Vacuole Baglike structure that temporarily stores materials (food, water, enzymes, waste) for the cell. Types of cells: Protist – food, contractile Fungus - food Animal – food Plant – water, food, enzymes large central vacuole keeps cells turgid

Lysosome Small, round organelle that contains digestive enzymes used for digesting a cell’s food or waste and invading bacteria and viruses Types of Cells: Protist, Plant, Animal Memory Aid: Cleanup Crew

Chloroplast • Captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy by making carbohydrates (glucose). • This process is called Photosynthesis • Type of cells: Plant (a few Protists)