Cell Structure Function http koning ecsu ctstateu educell

Cell Structure & Function http: //koning. ecsu. ctstateu. edu/cell. html

CELLS

5 Kingdoms each containing cells

Use Prezi to identify the 5 Kingdoms

Robert Hooke’s famous drawing of cork cells

Cell Theory • The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. He examined very thin slices of cork and saw a multitude of tiny pores that he remarked looked like the walled compartments of a honeycomb. • Hooke called them cells • However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function. [1]

Cell Theory • The first man to witness a live cell under a microscope was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who in 1674 described the algae Spirogyra and named the moving organisms animalcules, meaning "little animals". [3]. • Leeuwenhoek probably also saw bacteria. [4]

Spirogyra (Kingdom Protista)

Bones are made of cells

Muscles are made of cells

Plant Cells

Red Blood Cells

Cells

Nerve cells

Nerve Cells

White Blood Cell

Red and White Blood Cells

Cells are either multicellular (more than one) or unicellular (one)

Animal and plant cells eukaryotes

All plants are made of cells

Plants Cells

All animals are made of cells

Comparison of Cells

Cell Theory Cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division. Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.

Cell Theory Cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing. All known living things are made up of cells. Some organisms are unicellular, i. e. , made up of only one cell. Others are multicellular, composed of a number of cells.

How many cells make up your body? • • • My body is made of 1, 000 cells My body is made of 100, 000 cells My body is made of 1, 000, 000, 000 cells My body is made of 100, 000, 000 cells My body is made of 1, 000, 000 cells

What else is made of cells? Blue green Bacteria sometimes called Blue green Algae

Volvox (Kingdom Protista)

Kelp forest (Algae) (Kingdom Protista)

An Amoeba is unicellular (Kingdom Protista)

Amoeba

• Unicellular: “freeliving” can operate independently to survive • Example Volvox • Multicellular: works together with other cells as a larger part of the cell to survive • Example: Human

Euglena are unicellular protist

Yeast Cells: kingdom fungi (Fungi are made of cells)

Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell

Cell Organelles and Parts • Organelle: membrane-bound structure within a cell that has a specific shape and function. • Examples: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast

Cell Theory • All living things are made up of cells. • Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. • All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

Types of Cells • Cells can be subdivided into the following subcategories: • Prokaryotes: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (though they do contain ribosomes). Bacteria are prokaryotes. • Eukaryotes: Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, etc).

Bacteria are made of cells called prokaryotes

Bacteria-Eubacteria “Pro”: 1 st

Two Types of Cells • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic • Do not have structures surrounded by membranes • Few internal structures • One-celled organisms, Bacteria http: //library. thinkquest. org/C 004535/prokaryotic_cells. html

Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Plant http: //library. thinkquest. org/C 004535/eukaryotic_cells. html Animal

“Typical” Animal Cell http: //web. jjay. cuny. edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell. gif

“Typical” Plant Cell http: //waynesword. palomar. edu/images/plant 3. gif

Cell Parts Organelles

Surrounding the Cell

Cell Membrane/Plasma membrane • Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell • Double layer http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Cell membrane

Plasma membrane • Hydrophobic heads and hydrophilic tails • Phospholipid bilayer • Large proteins • cholesterol

Cell Wall • Found in plant cells & bacteria • Supports & protects cells (UV rays and harsh conditions) http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Inside the Cell

Nucleus • Directs cell activities • Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane • Contains genetic material - DNA

Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Chromosomes • Inside nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics • 46 total in each cell** http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build proteins http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Cytoplasm • A human cell system is approximately 75% water • The cytoplasm is the jelly-like watery fluid that makes up the cell. • Transports PROTEINS

Cytoplasm • Gel-like mixture • Surrounded by cell membrane • Contains hereditary material

Microfilaments and Microtubule • Helps to maintain shape of the cell. • Aid in cell division (mitosis and meiosis)

Endoplasmic Reticulum • Moves materials around in cell • Smooth type: lacks ribosomes • Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Ribosomes • Each cell contains thousands • Make proteins (PROTEINS SYNTHESIS) • Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Mitochondria • Produces energy ATP through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates • Controls level of water and other materials in cell • Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Golgi Bodies • Protein 'packaging plant' • Move materials within the cell • Move materials out of the cell http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Lysosome • Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates (macromolecules) • Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal • Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Vacuoles • Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal • Contains water solution • Help plants maintain shape http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Chloroplast • Usually found in plant cells • Contains green chlorophyll (pigment) • Where photosynthesis takes place http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

In Animal Cells only. . Flagella • Long whip like extension used for movement

In Animal Cells only. . Centrioles • Short tubes necessary for cell division (reproduction)

In Animal Cells only. . Cilia • Short whiplike, hair like extension on the surface of some cells used for movement and gathering.