Cell Structure Function Bellringer 8 29 What are

Cell Structure & Function

Bellringer 8 -29 • What are the major differences between animal and plant cells? • Plant cells have a cell wall, animal cells do not • Plant cells have one large vacuole to store water and manage waste, animal cells have many • Animal cells consume other materials for food and energy plant cells make their own

Cell Parts are called Organelles

Prokaryotic • Do not have structures surrounded by membranes • Few internal structures • Examples are one-celled organisms, Bacteria http: //library. thinkquest. org/C 004535/prokaryotic_cells. html

Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membrane • Most living organisms and cells are eukaryotic Plant http: //library. thinkquest. org/C 004535/eukaryotic_cells. html Animal

Eukaryotic Cells • • Plants and animals Their cells have a nucleus Contain a cell wall in plants Are autotrophic (produce their own food) • Carry out photosynthesis http: //web. jjay. cuny. edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell. gif

Photosynthesis • The process by which plants convert light energy into sugars (glucose) • C 02 is turned into O 2 through plant respiration • Plant cells reproduce asexually using this process

“Typical” Plant Cell http: //waynesword. palomar. edu/images/plant 3. gif

“Typical” Animal Cell http: //web. jjay. cuny. edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell. gif

When light microscopes of sufficient magnifying capability were developed in the late 1600 s, a whole new world of tiny wonders was discovered. Electron microscopes, invented in the mid-twentieth century, made it possible to detect even tinier objects than light microscopes, including smaller molecules, viruses, and DNA. Dr. John M. Huisman Murdoch, Australia seaweed (20 x) Charles B. Krebs Issaquah, Washington, house fly (6. 25 x)

The detection power of most electron microscopes used today, however, stops just short of being able to visualize such incredibly small structures as the electron orbital systems of individual atoms. Atoms are considered the smallest units of an element that have the characteristics of that element, but cells are the smallest structural units of an organism capable of functioning independently.

Cell Membrane • Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell • Double layer • Food molecules enter the cell through the a pores (openings) in the cell membrane. http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Cell Wall • Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria • Supports & protects cells • Made of tough cellulose material

Cell • Chloroplasts -found in plant cells, contains green chlorophyll, its where photosynthesis takes place • • Cytoplasm-Gel-like mixture, surrounding cell membrane, contains hereditary material, food molecules go through the cytoplasm • • Nucleus–the brain of the cell, contains RNA to build proteins • • Cell membrane -Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell, double layer, food molecules enter the cell through the a pores (openings) in the cell membrane. • • Cell wall- outer wall found only in plant cells

Nucleus • Directs cell activities • Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane • Contains genetic material – DNA • DNA in one cell can stretch up to 6 ft long • DNA controls RNA which decides what chromosomes will do

Chromosomes • Live In nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics for life • Predetermine what your body and organs may do http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build proteins http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Cytoplasm • • Gel-like mixture Surrounded by cell membrane Contains hereditary material Food molecules go through the cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Moves materials around in cell • Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes • Rough ER (pictured): has ribosomes that help tranpsort proteins to other locations in the cell http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Ribosomes • Each cell contains thousands • Make proteins • Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Mitochondria • Break down food to release energy • Controls level of water and other materials in cell • Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Golgi Bodies • Protein 'packaging plant' • Move materials within the cell • Move materials out of the cell http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Lysosome • Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates • Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal • Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Vacuoles • Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal • Contains water • Help plants maintain shape • Store food molecules • Plants have one http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html large vacuole!

Chloroplast • Usually found in plant cells • Contains green chlorophyll • Where photosynthesis takes place http: //library. thinkquest. org/12413/structures. html

Bellringer 8 -26 -16 (p. 10) • What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? What are the two types • Moves materials around in cell • Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes • Rough ER (pictured): has ribosomes that help tranpsort proteins to other locations in the cell