Cell Reproduction Chromosomes made of DNA DNA stores
- Slides: 70
Cell Reproduction
Chromosomes: made of DNA
DNA: stores all genetic information -genes: a hereditary unit of DNA -4 bases: -Adenine -Thymine -Guanine -cytosine
DNA in the Cell 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Chromosome Supercoil Subcoil One coil DNA with histine protein 6. DNA
Chromosome Anatomy
Chromosome Types 1. Sex Chromosomes: determines the sex of an organism -XY: male -XX: female 2. Autosomes: All other chromosomes of an organism
Chromosome Duplication
Homologous Chromosomes: two copies of each autosome – same size, shape, and genes
Karyotype: photomicrograph of chromosomes Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
Diploid Cells (2 n): cells with both sets of chromosomes (both homologous pairs) 46 chromosomes/23 pairs in humans
Haploid cells (1 n): cells with one set of chromosomes
“C” words of Cytology 1. Chromosome: condensed genetic material 2. Chromatid: one of two identical copies of DNA 3. Centromere: region that joins the chromatids
“C” words of Cytology 4. Centrioles: cylindrical structures that assist in cell division 5. Centrosome: dark regions in the cytoplasm that create spindle fibers
Cell Division: all cells come from preexisting cells
2 Types of Division
1. Mitosis: cell division which produces 2 diploid, identical cells
2. Meiosis: cell division which produces 4 haploid cells
Cell Life Cycle 1. Interphase: G 1, S, and G 2 G = growth S = Synthesis 2. M phase: mitosis – nuclear division 3. Cytokinesis: cytoplasm division
Interphase 1. Interphase: DNA not visible -nucleus still intact
Phases of Mitosis 2. Prophase: chromosomes become visible -nucleus disintegrates
Phases of Mitosis 3. Metaphase: chromosomes connect at the centromere to spindle fibers -line up at the equatorial plate
Phases of Mitosis 4. Anaphase: spindle fibers recede -pull chromosomes apart -chromosomes retreat to opposite ends
Phases of Mitosis 5. Telophase: nucleus reforms Cytokinesis splitting the cell -2 daughter cells are formed
Meiosis: cell division which produces 4 haploid cells
Haploid: a cell with half the number of chromosomes (1 n)
Fertilization: the fusion of two gametes (sperm/eggs)
Review terms:
Karyotype
Homologous Chromosomes: identical chromosomes – one from each parent
Chromatid: one of two identical copies of the same DNA
Mitosis vs. Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis -Produces two offspring cells of 2 n -One cell division cycle -produces body cells -no chromosomes cross over -produces four offspring cells of 1 n -two cell division cycles (meiosis I & 2) -produces gametes -chromosomes cross over
8 Stages of Meiosis Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Meiosis I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis II
Prophase I -Chromatids form -Homologous chromatids pair up to form tetrads
Metaphase I -tetrads line up at equatorial plate -Crossing over: breaking off of arms of chromatids and switching places on another homologous chromosome
Anaphase I -tetrads are pulled apart
Telophase I -cytokinesis occurs
Prophase II
Metphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Spermatogenesis: meiosis that produces sperm Produces 4 fertile cells; in humans @ 400 billion
Oogenesis: meiosis that produces egg cells Produces 1 fertile cell; about 400 in a lifetime
Types of Reproduction 1. Sexual reproduction: offspring are the result of combination of parental genetics 2. Asexual reproduction: no exchange of genetic information – genetically identical to parent
Nature protects the female
Cellular Disorders
Cancer: a mitotic disorder
Characteristics: 1. 2. 3. 4. Abnormal rates of cell division; uncontrolled Produces malfunctioning cells Kills the organism Lack Density Dependent Inhibition (DDI)
Density Dependent Inhibition (DDI) Ability of a cell to “sense” space – ability to stop growth in a restricted space
Density Dependent Inhibition (DDI) Lack of DDI – cells continue to divide – causes tumors
Types of Tumors 1. Benign: cancer cells remain at the original site 2. Malignant: cancer cells become aggressive and spread throughout the body
Metastasis: movement of cancer through the blood/lymph to other organs
Causes: carcinogens and contributing factors
-smoking
-radiation
-virus (HPV)
-genetic makeup
Treatments
-surgical removal
-radiation treatment
-chemotherapy: taxol, vincristine, vinblastine
Cellular Differentiation -begins following fertilization -process by which generic cells gain specific functions -mitosis process
Stem Cells: undifferentiated cells that can become any type of cell Bone Cell Neuron (nerves) Muscle Cells Skin Cells Cardiac Muscle Stem Cells
- Chapter 6 chromosomes and cell reproduction
- Management of stores
- The disadvantages of sexual reproduction
- Asexualk
- Asexual vs sexual venn diagram
- What are chromosomes made of
- Chromosomes are made up of
- What stores information in a cell
- The relationship between genes dna and chromosomes
- Building vocabulary: the nucleus, dna, and chromosomes
- Dna, genes and chromosomes relationship
- Interphase to cytokinesis
- Function chromosomes
- Genes chromosome
- What is the relationship between dna chromosomes and genes
- Dna chromosomes genes diagram
- Four chromosomes going through mitosis
- Cell with 4 chromosomes
- Diagram of meiosis
- Cell reproduction
- Is mitosis asexual
- Cell of reproduction
- Cell reproduction
- Cell growth division and reproduction
- The spools from which the dna unwinds is made of what
- Eubacteria cell wall is made up of
- Bagian terkecil penyusun tubuh makhluk hidup
- Plants are multicellular eukaryotes
- Organism that is made up of only one cell
- Function of dna polymerase 3
- Bioflix activity dna replication lagging strand synthesis
- Coding dna and non coding dna
- What role does dna polymerase play in copying dna?
- Chapter 11 dna and genes
- Dna replication
- Pmat
- Sickle cell anemia dna sequence
- Spongebob cell analogy
- Advantages of diaphragm cell
- Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cell
- Prokaryotic reproduction
- Plant vs animal cells organelles
- S
- Dry cell vs wet cell
- Plant cell vs animal cell venn diagram
- What is the function of cell wall in plant cell
- Vacuole function
- Plant and animal cell diagram
- Cell wall vs cell membrane
- 10 cm dish surface area
- Finite and continuous cell lines
- Cell city project animal cell
- Primary cell and secondary cell
- Difference between plant and animal cell
- Cell-cell junction
- Cell-cell junction
- Which organelle prepares proteins for specific jobs
- Cell cycle and cell division
- Life
- Carbohydrate side chain
- The scientist mathias schleiden studied _______ in ______.
- Cell structures cell organelle graphic organizer
- Idealized plant cell
- Walker cell and hadley cell
- Eukarya
- Cell cycle and cell division
- Biology.arizona.edu/cell bio/activities/cell cycle/01.html
- Mitosis
- Matlab string builder
- Electrolytic cell picture
- Rigid outer covering of plant cells