Cell Processes Cell Transport Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Cell

Cell Processes Cell Transport Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Cell Cycle

Exchange with the Environment • Diffusion- the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration • Osmosis- the diffusion of water across a cell membrane

No energy required

Cell in Action • Passive transport- the diffusion of particles through proteins in the cell membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration- no energy • Active transport- the movement of particles through proteins in the cell membrane against the direction of diffusion • ---requires cells to use energy(active transport)

Cell in Action • Endocytosis -the process in which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into the cell • Exocytosis- the process used to remove large particles from a cell; a vesicle containing the particles fuses with the cell

Cell Energy • Photosynthesis- the process by which plants capture light energy from the sun and convert it into sugar • Cellular respiration- the process of producing ATP from oxygen and glucose; releases carbon dioxide as a waste product

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis • http: //earthguide. ucsd. edu/earthguide/diagra ms/photosynthesis. html • http: //earthguide. ucsd. edu/earthguide/diagrams /photosynthesis_game. html

Photosynthesis can be represented using a chemical equation. The overall balanced equation is. . . 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O -----> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 Sunlight energy Where: CO 2 = carbon dioxide H 2 O = water Light energy is required C 6 H 12 O 6 = glucose O 2 = oxygen Learn these formulas

Photosynthesis: transforms light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of sugar-occurs in chloroplast o Uses carbon dioxide and water o Produces oxygen and glucose o Opposite of cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Equation heat ATP

ATP • The molecule that supplies energy to fuel the activities of the cell • Formed during cellular respiration in the mitochondria • Adenosine triphosphate ATP

Glucose • Is a carbohydrate-a form of sugar • Product of photosynthesis • C 6 H 12 O 6 • The energy in glucose isused by plant’s cells • Some glucose may be stored in the form of other carbohydrates or lipids • Used as raw material(reactant ) in cellular respiration

Light Energy Cellular Heat ATP

Fermentation • Fermentation is the breakdown of sugars to make ATP in the absence of oxygen All organisms must break down food molecules in order to release the stored energy. When this is done without oxygen – it is called FERMENTATION Anerobic= without oxygen

2 types of fermentation • 1 - Your muscles need energy faster than your body can provide oxygen to your cells to produce ATP by cellular respiration-- • Fermentation produces lactic acid---and muscle fatigue • Result: small amount of ATP because glucose is only partially broken down • 2 - fermentation that occurs in some bacteria and fungi • Ex. Yeast can make carbon dioxide and alcohol during fermentation of sugar.

Cell Cycle • The life cycle of the cell • In eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus) it consists of 3 parts • 1 -Interphase: cell growth and chromosome duplication • 2 - Mitosis (PMAT) • 3 - Cytokinesis

C E L L C Y C L E

Chromosome • Coiled structure of DNA and protein that forms in the cell nucleus during cell division • Humans have 46 chromosomes

Homologous Chromosomes • Chromosomes with matching or similar information • Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes • Potatoes have 24 pairs of homologous chromosomes • An organism’s number of chromosomes has nothing to do with its complexity

Binary Fission • The simple cell division in which one cell splits into two • Used by bacteria

Chromatids • Identical copies of a chromosome • After each chromosome is duplicated(copied) - the 2 copies are called CHROMATIDS

Centromere • The region that holds chromatids together when a chromosome is duplicated(copied)

Mitosis • Nuclear division in eukaryotic cells in which each cell receives a copy of the original chromosomes • Mitosis makes sure each new cell receives a copy of each chromosome • Consists of 4 phases- PMAT • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase • Second stage of cell cycle

Cytokinesis • The process in which cytoplasm divides after mitosis • Animal cells-The cell membrane pinches in to form a groove—eventually pinching ALL the way through the cell • 2 daughter cells formed • ***Plant cells: Have a cell wall- these cells must first form a cell plate –in the middle of the cell-this becomes the cell membrane- then new cell wall formed

Cytokinesis