Cell Cycle Division Biology I Cell Division All
Cell Cycle & Division Biology I
Cell Division: • All cells are derived from preexisting cells (Cell Theory) • Cell division is the process by which cells produce new cells • Cell division differs in prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, & animals) • Cells grow in number, not in size. Reasons for Cell Division: • Cell growth • Repair & replacement of damaged cell parts • Reproduction of the species How often do cells divide? • Some cells must be repaired often such as cells lining the intestines, white blood cells, skin cells with a short lifespan. • Other cells DO NOT divide at all after birth such as muscle, nerve cells, brain cells, female egg cells.
Chromosomes & Their Structure • The plans for making cells are coded in their DNA. • DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, is a long thin molecule that stores genetic information. • DNA is organized into molecules called chromosomes.
Chromosomes & Their Structure • Chromosomes are made of protein & a long, single, tightly- coiled DNA molecule visible only when the cell divides. • When a cell is NOT dividing the chromosome (DNA) is less visible & is called chromatin.
Chromosomes & Their Structure • Centromeres hold duplicated chromosomes together until they are separated in cell division. • When DNA makes copies of itself before cell division, each half of the chromosomes is called a sister chromatid. – Each sister chromatid contains identical genetic information.
Chromosomes & Their Structure
Chromosome Numbers • Humans somatic or body cells • Human reproductive cells or gametes (sperms & eggs) have 23 pairs of chromosomes one set or 23 chromosomes or 46 chromosomes (diploid or (haploid or n number) 2 n number) • Every organism has a specific • The 2 copies you have of each chromosome number of 23 chromosomes are called homologues (have genes for the Organism Chromosome same trait at the same location) Number (2 n) Human 46 Fruit fly 8 Lettuce 14 Goldfish 94
Types of Reproduction • Asexual Reproduction – Reproduction of cells involving only ONE parent. – The organism will make a copy of itself. Produces identical offspring. – Types: • Binary Fission (bacteria) • Mitosis (most eukaryotic cells) • Vegetative propagation • Budding
Binary Fission • Bacteria, cyanobacteria, and most single celled organisms reproduce by
Vegetative Propagation • Form of asexual reproduction in plants. • Part of the plant detaches from the parent plant to form their own organism. • Genetically identical to parent.
Budding • A form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth of the parent. • Genetically identical to the parent.
Types of Reproduction • Sexual Reproduction – Reproduction that involves TWO parents – Produces offspring that are genetically diverse. – Happens in the sex cells (sperm and egg) which are called gametes.
Cell Cycle S phase G 1 interphase Mitosis -prophase -metaphase -anaphase -telophase G 2
Cell Cycle • The cell cycle includes 3 main parts: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. – Mitosis = nuclear division – Cytokinesis = division of the cytoplasm
Interphase • The longest stage of the cell cycle. • Called the resting stage because the cell isn’t dividing. • Consists of 3 stages: – G 1: cell growth – S (synthesis): DNA synthesis – G 2: prepare for cell division
Interphase 1. G 1 (gap) phase: Main growth stage Cell increases in size 2. S phase: Copying of all of DNA’s instructions (DNA Replication) DNA in the form of chromatin (not visible) 3. G 2 (gap) phase: Preparation time for mitosis/meiosis (cell division) Cell continues growing Needed proteins produced Cell replicates organelles
Mitosis • Division of the nucleus occurs first (mitosis) • Mitosis is asexual reproduction. – Only ONE parent cell – Daughter cells are genetically identical • Mitosis consists of four stages – Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Prophase • Longest phase of mitosis • Nucleolus disappears • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids • Centrioles move apart (not found in plants). • Spindle fibers form and attach from centrioles to centromeres. • Nuclear membrane disappears.
Prophase late prophase early prophase centrioles spindle fibers aster fibers nuclear envelope disappearing centromere
Prophase • Animal Cell • Plant Cell
Metaphase • Shortest phase of mitosis • Chromosomes line up across the middle of cell (center of cell – equator of cell). • The centromere of each chromosome attaches to spindle fibers.
Metaphase centrioles aster fibers spindle fibers metaphase plate
Metaphase • Animal Cell • Plant Cell
Anaphase • Sister chromatids separate and move apart. • After separation, chromatids are now considered chromosomes • During this phase, the cell contains twice the normal number of chromosomes • Cell begins to elongate • At the end, there are equal numbers of chromosomes at the poles.
Anaphase No longer sister chromatids, chromatids now chromosomes aster fibers spindle fibers centrioles
Anaphase • Animal Cell • Plant Cell
Telophase • • • Nuclear membrane reappears. Nucleolus reforms. Chromosomes uncoil and appear as chromatin again. • In the end, two genetically identical nuclei are present. • Cytokinesis begins.
Telophase cleavage furrow (cytokinesis) nuclear membrane reforming nucleolus reappears
Telophase • Animal Cell • Plant Cell
Cytokinesis • Division of the cytoplasm of the cell and its organelles into two new daughter cells. • Cytokinesis differs between plants and animals: – Animals: a cleavage furrow forms to make the circular shape. – Plants: a cell plate forms where new cell wall will be to make the rectangular shape. cell plate
Cytokinesis • Animal Cell: cleavage furrow • Plant Cell: cell plate
Parent cell Chromosomes are copied and double in number Chromosomes now split 2 daughter cells identical to original
Question: • A cell containing 20 chromosomes at the beginning of mitosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes each? each
Answer: • 20 chromosomes
Question: • A cell containing 40 chromatids at the beginning of mitosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes each? each
Answer: • 20 chromosomes
CANCER • Cancer is Uncontrolled Mitosis: • Mitosis must be controlled, otherwise growth will occur without limit (cancer) • Control is by special proteins produced by oncogenes
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