Celia Iordache Ana Delgado 1C RELATIVE CLAUSES Defining

Celia Iordache & Ana Delgado 1ºC RELATIVE CLAUSES Defining and non-defining

What are they? l l A defining relative clause specifies which person or thing we mean. The defining relative clause can be omitted. You're the little devil who cracked the system.

What are they? l A non-defining relative clause contains extra information. It is separated by commas. So we're all men of our word really. . . except for, of course, Elizabeth, who is in fact, a woman.

Which and that l l These are alternatives in a defining clause. That is not used in nondefining clause. That cannot follow a preposition. That is used instead of who in defining clauses. I got beaten down by an old school Vegas thug who was having trouble accepting his retirement, but I worked out a deal with him that got him a nice pension. . .

Which and that l l Which refers to things. Also used in non-defining clauses A pinch is a device which creates, like, a cardiac arrest for any broadband electrical circuitry. We go to "A" School, which is the most difficult school in the military.

Who and whom l Who refers to people. Those men who bled the ground red at Falkirk, they fought for William Wallace, and he fights for something that I never had.

Whom l l l Whom is the object form of who and is used formally in object clauses. Whom has to be used if it follows a preposition. Whom is felt to be excessively formal and who is commonly use instead. He was a hero to his valet, who bullied him, and a terror to most of his relations, whom he bullied in turn.

Whose l This means of whom. It is used in both defining and non-defining clauses. My story starts at sea. . . a perilous voyage to an unknown land. . . a shipwreck. . . the wild waters roar and heave. . . a lady. . . whose soul is greater than the ocean. . . and her spirit stronger than the sea's embrace. .

When and where Non-defining: They follow a named time or place. l The rest of my attention is back at the offices of Facebook, where my colleagues and I are doing things that no one in this room, including and especially your clients, are intellectually or creatively capable of doing.

When and where l Defining: When follows words such as time, day, moment. I remember when I was a kid, me and my father, we went ice fishing out on Lake Wissota

When and where l Where follows words such as place, house, street. Luckily, the fact is that just like the rest of us, even a beautiful woman doesn't know what she wants until she sees it, and that's where I come in.

l Omitting the relative pronoun: Common in defining object clauses in everyday conversations. I’ve found the keys (which/that) i’ve been looking for. l Sentences ending in a preposition or phrasal verbs: Common feature of conversational English, as outlined in who and whom, is to end a defining clause with a preposition. That’s the house I used to live in.

l Omitting which/who + be To reduce a verb phrase after who/which to an adjectival phrase in a defining clause. Jim was the only one of his platoon who had not been taken prisoner. Jim was the only of his platoon not taken prisoner. l Which A non-defining clause can comment on the whole situation described in the main clause. Phrases with which, such as which time/point, in which case, by which time, in which event can be used in the same way There was nobody left on the train, which made me suspicious.

l Which A non-defining clause can comment on the whole situation described in the main clause. Phrases with which, such as which time/point, in which case, by which time, in which event can be used in the same way I watched the play until the end of the first act, at which point I felt I had seen enough.

Clauses beginning with what and whatever l l What meaning the thing or things which can be used to start clauses. Whatever, whoever, whichever can be used in a similar way. Whatever decision you make, you make as a team.

Non-finite clauses containing an –ing form l These are clauses without a main verb. l Actions happening at the same time l One action happening before another, explains the reason for something happening. Opening the letter, she found that it contained a cheque for $1000. l An event which is result of another event. I didn’t get wet, having remembered to take my umbrella. l Where a passive construction might be expected, this is often shortened to a past participle. (Having been)Abandoned by his colleagues, the Minister was forced to resign.

Flushed and panting, Jack waves the tickets as he and Fabrizio run up the ramp to the 3 rd class gangway entrance

“Elementary, my dear Watson. ”