CCNA 1 Chapter 7 TCPIP Protocol Suite and

Objectives • Introduction to TCP/IP • Internet addresses • Obtaining an IP address Copyright

History and Future of TCP/IP • The U. S. Department of Defense (Do. D)

Application Layer • Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control. •

Application Layer Examples • Telnet – Provides the capability to remotely access another computer

Transport Layer Five basic services: • Segmenting upper-layer application data • Establishing end-to-end operations

Layer 4 Protocols Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Internet Layer • The purpose of the Internet layer is to send packets from

Network Access Layer • The network access layer is concerned with all of the

Comparing the OSI Model and TCP/IP Model Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Similarities of the OSI and TCP/IP models • Both have layers. • Both have

Differences of the OSI and TCP/IP models • TCP/IP combines the presentation and session

Internet Architecture • Two computers, anywhere in the world, following certain hardware, software, protocol

Internet Addresses Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

IP Address as a 32 -Bit Binary Number Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Binary and Decimal Conversion Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

IP Address Classes Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

IP Addresses as Decimal Numbers Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Hosts for Classes of IP Addresses Class A (24 bits for hosts) 224 -

Network IDs and Broadcast Addresses An IP address such as 176. 10. 0. 0

Private Addresses Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Reserved Address Space • Network ID • Broadcast address • Hosts for classes of

Basics of Subnetting • • • Classical IP addressing Subnetworks Subnet mask Boolean operations:

Subnetworks To create a subnet address, a network administrator borrows bits from the original

Subnetworks Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Subnet Mask • Determines which part of an IP address is the network field

Subnet Mask Subnet mask in decimal = 255. 240. 0 Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress.

Boolean Operations: AND, OR, and NOT • AND is like multiplication. • OR is

Performing the AND Function Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Range of Bits Needed to Create Subnets Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Subnet Addresses Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Decimal Equivalents of 8 -Bit Patterns Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Creating a Subnet • • Determining subnet mask size Computing subnet mask and IP

Determining Subnet Mask Size Class B address with 8 bits borrowed for the subnet

Determining Subnet Mask Size Class C address 197. 15. 22. 131 with a subnet

Subnetting Example with AND Operation Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

IP Configuration on a Network Diagram The router connects subnetworks and networks. Copyright 2003

Host Subnet Schemes The number of lost IP addresses with a Class C network

IPv 4 versus IPv 6 • IP version 6 (IPv 6) has been defined

Obtaining an IP Address Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Obtaining an IP Address • Static addressing – Each individual device must be configured

Static Assignment of IP Addresses • Each individual device must be configured with an

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) The source initiates a RARP request, which helps it

BOOTP IP • The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) operates in a client/server environment and only

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol • Allows a host to obtain an IP address using

DHCP Initialization Sequence Client collects DHCP offer responses from the server. Copyright 2003 www.

ARP t ARP enables a computer to find the MAC address of the computer

ARP Operation Within a Subnet All devices on the network receive the packet and

ARP Process Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Advanced ARP Concepts • Default gateway • Proxy ARP Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Default Gateway A default gateway is the IP address of the interface on the

How ARP Sends Data to Remote Networks Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Proxy ARP Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

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History and Future of TCP/IP • The U. S. Department of Defense (Do. D) created the TCP/IP reference model because it wanted a network that could survive any conditions. • Some of the layers in the TCP/IP model have the same name as layers in the OSI model. Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Application Layer • Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control. • The TCP/IP protocol suite combines all application related issues into one layer and ensures this data is properly packaged before passing it on to the next layer. Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Application Layer Examples • Telnet – Provides the capability to remotely access another computer • File Transfer Protocol – Download or upload files • Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Works with the World Wide Web Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Transport Layer Five basic services: • Segmenting upper-layer application data • Establishing end-to-end operations • Sending segments from one end host to another end host • Ensuring data reliability • Providing flow control Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Internet Layer • The purpose of the Internet layer is to send packets from a network node and have them arrive at the destination node independent of the path taken. • Internet layer protocols: – – Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Network Access Layer • The network access layer is concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to actually make a physical link to the network media. • It includes the LAN and WAN technology details, and all the details contained in the OSI physical and data link layers. Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Similarities of the OSI and TCP/IP models • Both have layers. • Both have application layers, though they include very different services. • Both have comparable transport and network layers. • Packet-switched, not circuit-switched, technology is assumed. • Networking professionals need to know both models. Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Differences of the OSI and TCP/IP models • TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer into its application layer. • TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into one layer. • TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers. • TCP/IP transport layer using UDP does not always guarantee reliable delivery of packets as the transport layer in the OSI model does. Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Internet Architecture • Two computers, anywhere in the world, following certain hardware, software, protocol specifications, can communicate, reliably even when not directly connected. • LANs are no longer scalable beyond a certain number of stations or geographic separation. Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Hosts for Classes of IP Addresses Class A (24 bits for hosts) 224 - 2* = 16, 777, 214 maximum hosts Class B (16 bits for hosts) 216 - 2* = 65, 534 maximum hosts Class C (8 bits for hosts) 28 - 2* = 254 maximum hosts * Subtracting the network and broadcast reserved address Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Network IDs and Broadcast Addresses An IP address such as 176. 10. 0. 0 that has all binary 0 s in the host bit positions is reserved for the network address. An IP address such as 176. 10. 255 that has all binary 1 s in the host bit positions is reserved for the broadcast address. Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Subnet Mask • Determines which part of an IP address is the network field and which part is the host field • Follow these steps to determine the subnet mask: – 1. Express the subnetwork IP address in binary form. – 2. Replace the network and subnet portion of the address with all 1 s. – 3. Replace the host portion of the address with all 0 s. – 4. Convert the binary expression back to dotted-decimal notation. Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Creating a Subnet • • Determining subnet mask size Computing subnet mask and IP address Computing hosts per subnetwork Boolean AND operation IP configuration on a network diagram Host and subnet schemes Private addresses Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Determining Subnet Mask Size Class B address with 8 bits borrowed for the subnet 130. 5. 2. 144 (8 bits borrowed for subnetting) routes to subnet 130. 5. 2. 0 rather than just to network 130. 5. 0. 0. Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Determining Subnet Mask Size Class C address 197. 15. 22. 131 with a subnet mask of 255. 224 (3 bits borrowed) 11000101 00001111 00010110 100 Network Field SN 00011 Host Field The address 197. 15. 22. 131 would be on the subnet 197. 15. 22. 128. Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

IPv 4 versus IPv 6 • IP version 6 (IPv 6) has been defined and developed. • IPv 6 uses 128 bits rather than the 32 bits currently used in IPv 4. • IPv 6 uses hexadecimal numbers to represent the 128 bits. IPv 4 Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Obtaining an IP Address • Static addressing – Each individual device must be configured with an IP address. • Dynamic addressing – – – Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) DHCP initialization sequence Function of the Address Resolution Protocol ARP operation within a subnet Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

BOOTP IP • The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) operates in a client/server environment and only requires a single packet exchange to obtain IP information. • BOOTP packets can include the IP address, as well as the address of a router, the address of a server, and vendor-specific information. Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol • Allows a host to obtain an IP address using a defined range of IP addresses on a DHCP server. • As hosts come online, contact the DHCP server, and request an address. Copyright 2003 www. ciscopress. com