Causes Practices and Effects of War Which war

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Causes, Practices and Effects of War

Causes, Practices and Effects of War

Which war for which question? General Questions to consider – you get to choose

Which war for which question? General Questions to consider – you get to choose which war(s) to use as an example • Which war(s) are appropriate and will allow you to answer the question effectively? • How many wars? From different regions? Two aspects? (ie. causes/results or compare/contrast)

Questions on Causes or Results Compare/Contrast • Two world wars work well because historians

Questions on Causes or Results Compare/Contrast • Two world wars work well because historians have already made comparisons on the causes that you could use as your starting point • Alternately, choose two of the same types of war (limited or civil) as there will be more obvious comparisons/contrasts. • If the question specifies different regions, it is vital that you cover them. Causes • Make sure you distinguish between long/short term and immediate causes, also if appropriate, identify economic, political, social and religious causes – these categories will help you keep an analytical focus Sample questions: • Compare and contrast the causes of two wars each chosen from a different region. • Analyze the results of two wars, each chosen from a different region.

Questions on total wars • The best examples are WWI or WWII. Note that

Questions on total wars • The best examples are WWI or WWII. Note that WWII includes war in the Pacific, which can be used as an example of war in Asia if you need a different region than Europe. Sample Questions: • What do you understand by ‘total war’? Select one 20 th century war to illustrate your understanding. • Evaluate the contribution made toward the war effort by civilians on the home front and the battlefront in two wars, each chosen from a different region. • Analyze the use and effects of propaganda in two wars, each chosen from a different region.

Question on limited wars ‘For what reasons and with what results, was ‘limited’ warfare

Question on limited wars ‘For what reasons and with what results, was ‘limited’ warfare a feature of the second half of the 20 th century? ’ Some points to consider: (back up each point with specific examples) Reasons for limited war • Aims • Nuclear weapons • Role of superpowers • Role of UN • Geography • Role of democracy • Role of the media Results • • Limited use of weapons Limited casualties Limited length Limited cost to economy Limited international impact Limited involvement of civilians Limited impact on home front Limited peace terms (no peace treaty) Sample Questions: • Define the term limited war. With reference to two wars, each choose from a different region, explain why they remained limited. • ‘No 20 th century war could be called a limited war. ’ To what extent do you agree with this assertion?

Question on civil wars ‘Analyze the causes of two 20 th century civil wars,

Question on civil wars ‘Analyze the causes of two 20 th century civil wars, each chosen from a different region. ’ Avoid a narrative description of the lead up to war – keep a thematic approach to maintain an analytical focus Political • Failure of monarch/ruling dynasty • Republican attempts at government • Role of the military Regionalism • Lack of unity/central authority • Nationalism Economic • Gap between wealthy and poor urban and rural workers • Lack of economic development and modernization • Taxation • Economic crisis Social/Religious • Lack of modernization and education • Power of church/traditional or orthodox belief Sample Questions: • Why did foreign intervention occur so frequently in civil wars of the 20 th century and what impact did this intervention have on two civil wars each chosen from a different region. • To what extent has any civil war in the 20 th century settled the issues that caused it? th century civil wars, each chosen from a different region. ’

Questions on guerrilla wars ‘Examine the reasons for, and the contribution of, guerrilla warfare

Questions on guerrilla wars ‘Examine the reasons for, and the contribution of, guerrilla warfare to the outcome of one 20 th century war’ Reasons for adopting guerrilla warfare • Lack of resources, arms, training and conventional military experience compared to opponent • Physical terrain limits conventional military operations and gives advantage to guerrilla activities • Ideological support: revolutionary/people’s war • Need to shock and generate publicity • Local traditions of resistance to authority • Local traditions of resistance against foreign influence Contribution of guerrilla warfare to victory • Mass mobilization of people behind insurgency • Major campaigns and turning point battles • Impact of political campaigns • Produces social and economic reform • Anti-imperialism and nationalism • Other factors to victory? Sample Question: • With reference to specific examples, account for the adaptation of guerrilla warfare and assess its effectiveness.

Questions on peace settlements Not all wars ended with official treaties – what difference

Questions on peace settlements Not all wars ended with official treaties – what difference does the implementation of a treaty make to the results of a war? Sample Questions: • Analyze the results of one 20 th century treaty or peace settlement. • ‘Peace settlements create conditions for new conflicts. ’ With reference to at least two settlements explain to what extent you agree with this statement.

Questions on technology ‘To what extent did technological developments ensure victory in 20 th

Questions on technology ‘To what extent did technological developments ensure victory in 20 th century wars? ’ This question is not just about technology, but also other factors that result in victory. For instance, the success of guerrilla tactics in the Vietnam and Korean wars which brought victory over technologically superior opponents. Sample Questions: • Compare and contrast the role of technology in two wars of your choice. (you could compare one war in which technology was of little importance, with a war where it was vital to ensuring victory) • How and why did technological developments play an important part in 20 th century wars?

Questions on tactics on land/sea/air Tip: Use a planning grid for revision of key

Questions on tactics on land/sea/air Tip: Use a planning grid for revision of key features Sample Questions: • In what ways, and with what results, did tactics change for 20 th century wars. • Compare and contrast the use of naval warfare in two wars, each chosen from a different region. • Assess the role of air power in two 20 th century wars.

Questions on social and economic factors Ensure that you use specific examples – be

Questions on social and economic factors Ensure that you use specific examples – be specific about which countries you will discuss and structure your answer carefully to address a range of social and economic results. Sample Questions: • Assess the social and economic causes of any 20 th century war. • Assess the social and economic results on the civilian population of one 20 th century war. • With reference to two wars, each chosen from a different region, explain to what extent the role and status of women was affected.

Revision Techniques • Develop a technique for summarizing info thematically (PERSIA) • Use grids/mind

Revision Techniques • Develop a technique for summarizing info thematically (PERSIA) • Use grids/mind maps to help you identify key points • Summarize the key points made by different historians • Practice planning essays and writing introductions • Look at past IB papers –consider which questions you could do and also work out which questions you are NOT prepared to answer.

Adapted from: • Keely Rogers and Jo Thomas, History 20 th Century World: Causes,

Adapted from: • Keely Rogers and Jo Thomas, History 20 th Century World: Causes, Practices and Effects of Wars (London: Pearson Education, 2010)