Causes of World War I Nationalism Strong identity

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Causes of World War I Nationalism • Strong identity with one’s country, culture or

Causes of World War I Nationalism • Strong identity with one’s country, culture or ethnic group. • Nationalism led to competition among nations and a desire by some ethnic groups to have their own country. • Balkan Nationalism led to the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand the eventual outbreak of war. • • Imperialism • • Desire of powerful countries to dominate or control weaker • countries for economic and political reasons. • European countries were • competing against each other for the greatest empires. • Militarism • Industrialization and global • competition led to larger and more powerful armies and navies. • Secret Alliances • Partnerships between countries • that were supposed to end conflict. Instead, they increased the chance of war. • World War I The war lasted from 1914 to 1918. The U. S. did not enter the war until 1917. The outbreak of war can be traced to the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand. U. S. tried to stay neutral at first. The sinking of the Lusitania and unrestricted submarine warfare led Americans to enter the War. When the U. S. learn of German plans to get Mexico to attack the U. S. (Zimmerman Telegram), many Americans were ready to enter the war. Trench warfare along the Western Front required soldiers to spend weeks living in long ditches, fighting for territory lying between them and their enemy. Modern weapons such as machine guns caused great loss of life. The ruling family of the Austrian empire, the Hapsburgs saw their empire fall apart during the war (ethnic divisions) The weak Ottoman Empire allied itself with the Germans. Following the war, the Ottoman Empire fell. Germany was forced to surrender. The Treaty of Versailles, signed near Paris, formally ended the war. The terms of the treaty forced Germany to pay reparations and accept blame for the war. U. S. President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points Plan was the basis for some of the terms. The League of Nations was established by the Treaty. However, the U. S. did not join. Middle Eastern states that had been promise independence by European powers were angered when Europeans maintained control through the Mandate system

Russian Revolution The Romanov Dynasty was the ruling family of Russia. The head of

Russian Revolution The Romanov Dynasty was the ruling family of Russia. The head of the country was Czar Nicholas II. Poverty and protests led to the Russian Revolution in 1917. • Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks, one of the revolutionary parties. • He and his party eventually established a communist government known as the USSR or Soviet Union. • Following Lenin’s death, Josef Stalin rose to power in the Soviet Union. • Stalin created a Five Year Plan for industrializing the Soviet Union. • Industrial cities were built and collective farms were used to grow the country’s food. • There were protests to Stalin’s actions. • Stalin responded by killing and imprisoning millions.

Interwar Period in the U. S. Jazz Age and Harlem Renaissance Music influenced by

Interwar Period in the U. S. Jazz Age and Harlem Renaissance Music influenced by African culture during slavery became popular in the 1920 s. Musician Louis Armstrong was one of the great Jazz stars In Harlem, NY artists, authors and musicians created an African American cultural movement known as the Harlem Renaissance. Langston Hughes was a poet whose poems revealed the lives of African Americans and whose poems were often displayed jazz rhythms. Radio and movies were very popular during this period. Some conservatives opposed the influences of popular culture. Mass production of consumer goods such as Henry Ford’s Model T revolutionized America. • Socialist and communist parties grew in the U. S. during the early part of the 20 th century. • After the Russian Revolution, many began to fear communism. • Fear of communism led to government and public reaction against communists and socialists. This was known as the Red Scare. • Fear also led to limits on immigration and the rise of nativism and prejudices. Anti immigrant, Catholic, and Jewish groups were formed. The KKK spread to other parts of the country.

Interwar Period in the U. S. The Great Depression During the 1920 s the

Interwar Period in the U. S. The Great Depression During the 1920 s the wealthiest Americans grew even wealthier. The middle and working classes also saw some increase in income. However, there were problems. Farmers were suffered financially or as a result of environmental causes. Businesses and the stock market operated with little government regulation. In order to increase profits, businesses and farms produced more and more goods. Overproduction resulted in more goods than people could buy (especially after the middle and working classes saw their income drop compared to rising prices. ) Over priced stocks purchased with borrowed money led to the stock market crash in October, 1929. More economic problems sent the U. S. into the Great Depression which also spread around the world. • • During the Great Depression 25% of workers lost their jobs. Many lost their homes and were forced to live in camps known as Hoovervilles. Soup and bread lines fed those without money. President Franklin D. Roosevelt made a plan, called the New Deal, for helping the country get out of the depression. The New Deal provided jobs through government projects and agencies. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) built dams and brought electricity to seven states. The Second New Deal brought assistance to retirees through the Social Security Act. The rights of workers and union members were protected under the Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act).

Interwar Period Around The World • The Great Depression affected the economy and government

Interwar Period Around The World • The Great Depression affected the economy and government of nations around the world. • In Italy, Spain, and Germany an extreme form of nationalism known as fascism developed. Fascism emphasized the country over the individual, used propaganda to get public support and allowed dictators to rise to power. Japan’s emperor, Hirohito had control of his country and military. • • • Italy’s dictator, Benito Mussolini used speeches to inspire pride in his citizens. Mussolini tried, but was unable to gain complete control of Italy. In Germany, Adolf Hitler also inspired Germans to once again feel pride for their country. Hitler’s views on Jews and racial superiority (Social Darwinism) led to anti Semitism. He also hated communism. Totalitarianism came to Germany under Hitler. The government controlled everything in the country. Fascist countries were also known as police states because the law was determined by the personal views of the leaders with few or no laws applying to government leaders. In Japan, its Emperor Hirohito began a campaign to create a Japanese Empire. Hirohito controlled the military and supervised invasions of China.

World War II began when Germany invaded Poland in 1939. • • Germany’s Nazi

World War II began when Germany invaded Poland in 1939. • • Germany’s Nazi party believed that Germans were a superior race. The Nazi Party wanted the make Germany the most powerful country by creating an empire. • Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. • • • The Soviet Union entered the war when it was attacked by Germany. The United States did not declare war, but did help the Allies through its Lend-Lease program. The Lend. Lease programs allowed the United States to loan money and lease equipment to Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and China. When the Japanese Air Force attacked the U. S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the United States entered World War II. War crimes during the war included the Jewish Holocaust. 10 million people(some were not Jewish) were killed by the Nazi Party. • • World War lasted from 1939 to 1945. The European Theater involved the war against Germany while the Pacific Theater was the war between the United States and Japan. Germany and Great Britain fought a famous air battle known as the Battle of Britain. The British people and air force were able to withstand the German attack. Germany and the Soviet Union fought a long vicious battle along the Soviet Union border. The United States fought in Europe and the Pacific. Throughout the war, the allied leaders of Great Britain (Churchill), the Soviet Union (Stalin) and the United States (Roosevelt and Truman) met at a serious of conferences in Tehran, Yalta, and Postdam. The Tehran Conference set up D Day At the Yalta Conference, Great Britain and the United States agreed to allow the Soviet Union to have influence over eastern Europe At Postdam it was agreed to force Japan to issue an unconditional surrender On D-Day (June 6, 1944) the Allies (Great Britain and the United States) landed on the French coast (France had been captured by Germany) and began pushing the Germans back. This was the beginning of the end for German because the Soviet Union was also pushing the Germans from the east. The war between the United States and Japan continued after Germany surrendered. The U. S. developed an atomic bomb in secret in Los Alamos laboratories in New Mexico. The U. S. dropped two atomic bombs on Japan before the country surrendered, ending World War II

World War II The Home front • Over 15 million men joined or were

World War II The Home front • Over 15 million men joined or were drafted into military forces • Female units were added to the army – Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAC) • American homes faced rationing (limiting by quota) of food, gasoline, and other materials. • After the Pearl Harbor attack, 120, 000 Japanese Americans were forced to leave their homes and businesses to live in internment camps. The reason behind the internment was national security. • Women and African Americans found jobs in factories as the U. S. converted to a wartime economy in order to supply the army and navy. • African American soldiers had greater roles in fighting the war.