Causes of the Civil War Two Big Causes

Causes of the Civil War

Two Big Causes… 1. Sectionalism 2. States’ Rights

Causes of Civil War… Should slavery exist in new states? ? 1. Sectionalism- differences in political views, economies, and ideas about slavery were very stark between North and South. • 11 free states and 11 slave states through 1819 kept these sectionalist tensions under control by keeping a balance. • But… When Missouri petitioned to enter the Union as a slave state, the South would have a majority in the Senate if this happened; crisis… • Northerners wanted to block admitting Missouri as a slave state so that the South did not gain power. • After much worry and debate, Henry Clay proposed the “Missouri Compromise” in which slavery would not be permitted above the 36 30’ line with Missouri itself being the only exception. Missouri would enter as a slave state, Maine would enter as a free state, balance preserved… Crisis temporarily averted. .

Causes of Civil War… Should slavery exist in western territories? ? Many in the North were concerned that slavery could be extended into the west. • David Wilmot, a Congressman from Pennsylvania, proposed a law that would ban slavery in any territories won from Mexico. • Southerners objected. • The House passed the “Wilmot Proviso” but the Senate defeated it. Arguments about the extension of slavery westward continued…

Opposing Views about Slavery… 1. Abolitionists- those who oppose all slavery because it is morally wrong and want it banned nationwide 2. Southerners- slave owners wanted slavery to be allowed in any territory and believed that slaves escaped to the North should be returned to them 3. Moderates- people who wanted the Missouri Compromise line extended across the nation 4. Some people preferred the idea of Popular Sovereignty- the right of people to create their own government. Popular Sovereignty supporters believed that any new territory or state should let its voters decide for themselves to allow slavery or not.

Slavery Becomes a National Political Issue… • Free-Soil Party- By the 1840’s, many northern members of the Democrats and Whigs oppose slavery and want their party to take a stand. Political Party leaders are reluctant to do so because they do not want to lose any southern votes. In 1848, anti-slavery members of both parties meet in New York and form the Free-Soil Party to keep slavery out of the western territories (and some free-soilers hoped to end slavery in the south as well) • The election of 1848 was the first time slavery was a real election issue. Democrats chose Lewis Cass, the popular sovereignty candidate, Whigs chose Zachary Taylor, who did not speak on slavery at all but he was a slave owner himself, and the Free-Soil Party chose Martin Van Buren who wanted to ban slavery in western territories. • The Whigs won the election for President but the Free-Soil Party won 13 seats in Congress and earned 10% of the popular vote. This showed that slavery had become a national issue.

California reopens the crisis… • In 1849, the United States has 15 free states and 15 slave states; then California asks to enter the union as a free state… This would upset the balance in the Senate and most people felt that Oregon, Utah, and New Mexico would likely enter as free states as well leaving the south hopelessly out-voted • Some wanted the south to secede, or remove themselves from the union in response to this imbalance • Another compromise… In order to keep the union intact (to make sure the nation stays whole and no southern states leave), Daniel Webster decides to support southern demands that fugitive slaves returned to them. Webster was actually an abolitionist but felt that the preservation of the American Union was even more important. This becomes the Compromise of 1850…

The Compromise of 1850 - The Compromise of 18501. California would enter the union as a free state 2. Divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into Utah and New Mexico in which voters would decide by popular sovereignty to allow slavery or not 3. Ended the slave trade in Washington D. C. 4. A strict fugitive slave law was included 5. Border dispute between Texas and New Mexico was settled The compromise helped to hold the union together a little bit longer but the conflict over slavery and the tension between north and south only grew…

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 • The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 said that all citizens had to help to return slaves trying to escape slavery. Failure to return a slave could result in a fine of $1, 000 and jail time. Judges were paid $10. to return slaves to the south and only $5. to set someone free; because of this, some African Americans were sent south by judges even if they were not escaped slaves. • Northerners were VERY upset about the Fugitive Slave Act because not only did it keep people in chains but it forced northern abolitionists to participate in the slave system.

• QUESTION: QSSSA will ask a question • SIGNAL: We signal when we are finished • STEM: I • QUESTION: How would you feel if you were forced to turn in a slave because of the Fugitive Slave Act? • SIGNAL: Put both your hands on top of your head. Answer question using sentence stem • SHARE: Students will share with each other in different ways • ASSESS: Teacher will assess class answers • STEM: I would feel _____ because _______ • SHARE: Talk with your shoulder partner. (Oldest person goes 1 st) • ASSESS: I will pull popsicle sticks

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe published the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin which was written to demonstrate the evils and injustices of slavery. The book sold millions of copies world-wide. The book was able to show many people what slavery was about, that it was not just a political problem to be handled by Congress but a true moral issue that faced every American. The abolition movement grew as this book became widely read.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act A plan to allow Kansas and Nebraska Territories to decide if they would have slavery with a vote, by popular sovereignty as had been decided for New Mexico and Utah 4 years earlier. Northerners felt like this Act essentially repealed the Missouri Compromise which already banned slavery in Kansas and Nebraska, many protested the Act by openly challenging the Fugitive Slave Act.

QSSSA • QUESTION: will ask a question I • QUESTION: What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act really about? • SIGNAL: Put both of your hands • STEM: The Kansas-Nebraska Act • SHARE: Talk with your shoulder partner. (Oldest person goes 2 nd) We signal when we are finished Answer question using sentence stem Students will share with each other in different ways • ASSESS: Teacher will assess class answers behind your back. was really about _____. • ASSESS: Partner’s popsicle stick

What was the Kansas. Nebraska Act really about?

Kansas becomes the first test of popular sovereignty… “Bleeding Kansas”Most settlers in Kansas are farmers from neighboring states and do not own slaves. Northern Abolitionists sent about 1000 settlers from New England, but pro-slavery groups sent settlers too. There was a battle between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas for who would control the territory…

John Brown’s Anti-slavery movement John Brown and his 4 sons had moved to Kansas because he believed that God had sent him to help punish the supporters of slavery. He, his sons, and some other men rode to Pottawatomie Creek (a town that was a stronghold of pro-slavery forces) where they dragged 5 pro-slavery settlers from their beds and murdered them. This resulted in ongoing violence as each side fought the other with a series of attacks that ultimately left about 200 people dead.

In the Senate itself violence had resulted from the slavery debate… Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts was a leading abolitionist who had denounced the pro-slavery forces in Kansas, he was opposed by Andrew Butler of South Carolina. Butler’s nephew Preston Brooks beat Senator Sumner with a cane until he was bloody and unconscious.

The Dred Scott Case… A slave named Dred Scott had lived with his master in Missouri and then in the free states of Illinois and Wisconsin. When his owner died he became the slave of the owners wife and then her brother John Sanford. Scott filed a lawsuit arguing that since he had lived in a free state, he had become a free man. The 1857 Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford was a blow to Americans who opposed slavery. It said that Scott really should not have been able to file a lawsuit in the first place. He was a slave, property, not a citizen. The court also said that Congress did not have the power to outlaw slavery in any territory. This ruling meant that the Missouri Compromise was effectively illegal, that along with the Fugitive Slave Act, no part of the U. S. would be completely free of slavery. The Democratic Party began to divide over the issue

Political Response to Dred Scott… Formation of the Republican Party. Free-soilers, northern Democrats, and anti-slavery Whigs met in Michigan in 1854 to form the Republican Party with a goal of keeping slavery out of the western territories and to end it altogether. The Party grew quickly and by 1856 they had selected their first candidate for president- John Freemont, he opposed the spread of slavery. Democrats ran James Buchanan in the hope of getting votes in both north and south. Buchanan, “a northern man with southern principles” won the election with support of both north and south however, Freemont won 1/3 of the popular vote and Democrats began to have real fears that their power and influence in national government was fading.

Abraham Lincoln’s Republican Party… Abraham Lincoln of Illinois had served 8 years in the state legislature, one term in Congress, and out of strong opposition to the Dred Scott, the Kansas. Nebraska Act, and to slavery in general, he decided to run for Senate in 1858 against the Democratic Senator Stephen Douglass whom many people expected to be a candidate for president in 1860. During the Senate campaign, the two men debated 7 times with the issue of slavery at center stage. Douglass supported the popular sovereignty approachlet the territories decide on slavery by vote; Lincoln believed that such a moral and social wrong should not be decided in this way and wanted its elimination in the territories.

Abraham Lincoln’s Republican Party… For weeks the two men debated and spoke to crowds, the newspapers reprinted their speeches. More and more northerners read and related to Lincoln’s speeches about the injustice of slavery. Lincoln lost the Senate election narrowly to Douglass but became known nationally as a result of the campaign. Two years later, Lincoln and Douglass would face off again in their race to become the 16 th President of the United States.

John Brown’s Raid John Brown and followers (including 5 African Americans) took their fight from Kansas to Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Here, Brown planned to raid a federal arsenal (a gun warehouse) thinking that African American slaves would flock to help him, then he would arm them and lead a slave rebellion. He took control of the arsenal quickly, but no slave rebellion followed. Brown and his followers were met by troops under Robert E. Lee who killed ten of the raiders and captured John Brown was tried for treasoncrimes against one’s own country. He sat quietly through the trial and at the end, gave a moving defense for actions. He was sentenced to death.

John Brown’s Raid Brown was seen by many as a man willing to give his life for his beliefsa martyr for the abolitionists cause. On the day Brown was hanged, church bells rang throughout the north and poets wrote of his sacrifice for years to come. While northerners celebrated John Brown, southerners saw this as a sign that the north wanted to destroy slavery and the south along with it. Divisions were only deepened.

The Election of 1860 Democrats were split on the issue of outlawing slavery in the territories. The result was two candidates… Southern Democrats selected John Breckenridge of Kentucky who was willing to call for the extension of slavery into all territories Northern Democrats chose Stephen Douglass of Illinois who supported the popular sovereignty approach to slavery in the territories In compromise, the Constitutional Union Party selected John Bell of Tennessee who supported holding the union together above all else. Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln of Illinois as their candidate for president. Lincoln won the election. He took advantage of four candidates in the race, the split in the Democratic Party, the fact that northerners outnumbered southerners and outvoted them. Even before the votes had been counted, southerners were saying that if Lincoln won, they had a duty to leave the Union because it would be proof that the south no longer had a voice in government.

Sectionalism & Issues of States’ Rights Divide the Nation… Southerners believed an abolitionist was elected to the White House and that secession was now the only choice. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union. By February of 1861, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas had also seceded. At a convention in Montgomery, Alabama these 7 states formed the new nation- The Confederate States of America and selected Jefferson Davis as the president of the Confederacy. Most southerners believed that states had a right and a duty to secede as a matter of states’ rights and sovereignty. (A second major cause of Civil War) Lincoln did not agree that states had such rights…

Lincoln’s Inauguration… The causes of the looming war now include sectionalism, disagreement over the extension of slavery, states rights claims by the south, and disagreement over the constitutionality of those claims in the north. Lincoln took the oath of office on March 4, 1861 and in his inaugural address he spoke on the following themes: • Union- he said the constitution had no provision for states to secede from the union and clearly sets limits on the actions of states, secession was unlawful but he would not go war unless the south started it. • Liberty- he said he would enforce the Fugitive Slave Act if the liberty of free African Americans could be ensured • Equality- he assured people that he would enforce federal laws equally in free and slave states • Government- he said that people must sometimes accept laws that they do not agree with and the South's unwillingness to accept his legal election under the constitution was a threat to government

Davis’ Inauguration… and the war begins Jefferson Davis too gave his inaugural address. He spoke of the reasons for the secession being the desire to promote our own rights and welfare. He emphasized that government could exist only be consent of the governed and that southerners no longer consented to a government that was opposed to their interests. Davis had also directed troops to begin seizing federal forts in Confederate lands. By April, Confederates controlled nearly all federal forts, post offices, and other federal buildings in the south. On April 11, 1861 Confederates demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter in South Carolina (important because it guarded Charleston Harbor) The Union commander, Robert Anderson refused but Confederate guns opened fire and after running out of ammunition, Union troops surrendered the fort on April 13 th. The war had begun…

Taking Sides… Southerners considered the war one for independence of the south and preservation of its way of life, some thought it was caused by the North’s unwillingness to accept their right to secede. Many called the War of Northern Aggression. Northerners believed that it was a war to preserve the Union above all; abolition of slavery was not initially a goal of the war. 8 slave states were still in the Union at the outbreak of war. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the Confederacy. The border states- Missouri, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky remained in the Union. Now people were not only divided by sectionalist feelings and loyalties but they had to divide into two governments with separate military forces.

Strengths and Weaknesses, The South… Strengths • Southerners believed they were fighting a war of independence to defend their way of life; this gave them a strong reason to fight. • They knew the countryside much better than the northerners did and could use this to their advantage against invading troops from the north. • Jefferson Davis was considered a strong leader and had military experience. • Many of the best military officers served the Confederacy making it difficult for the Union to find good generals to match them. Weaknesses • They had very few factories to produce weapons or supplies and • There were few railways to transport troops or supplies. • They had a small population, only about 9 million people compared to 20 million in the Union. The south did not have enough people to serve as soldiers and support the war effort • The South had to handle about 1/3 of its population being enslaved Africans.

Strengths and Weaknesses, The North… Strengths • The North had 4 times as many free people and therefore, lots of volunteers to fight and plenty of people to work making weapons and supplies • The North had over 90% of the factories and industry to produce goods and over 70% of the railways to transport them • The North had a larger and stronger Navy pulling from its huge fleet of merchant ships Weaknesses • Having to fight in the south though meant unfamiliar territory, stretched out supply lines, and encountering southerners defending their homes Lincoln did not have much experience in national politics or military matters but proved to be a Strong leader and a military planner. He gained the respect of those around him and the people As the war raged on…

NAME The Unit Organizer 4 BIGGER PICTURE DATE The Causes of Civil War LAST UNIT 2 /Experience Reform & Culture UNIT SCHEDULE 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 /Experience Civil War is ab out. . . UNIT MAP Sectionalism # 1 Und the erstand role i Understanding our early of … ng Presidential administrations through… Studying the n… Viewpoints o Slavery & the mes g o n The Free-soil Party fyi outc i t n l #2 Ide litica po. . of Compromise of 1850 & Fugitive Slave Act # 3 Kansas. Nebraska Act & John Brown # 4 1. Describe how sectionalism was responsible for continuing division in America. 2. What differences in views on slavery led to the formation of the Free-soil Party? 3. What was the impact of the Fugitive Slave Act on Northerners? 4. Describe the outcome of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and John Brown’s role. 5. In what ways did the Dred Scott decision fuel sectionalism? 6. How did Lincoln’s election impact the secession of the south? 7. Compare the strengths and weaknesses of North and South. Compare… Fort Sumter, Strengths & Weaknesses Describing the impact of… John Brown’s Raid & Lincoln’s Election #6 Dred Scott & the Republican Party #5 Understand Study Describe Compare Identify 6 UNIT 7 The Causes of Civil War NEXT UNIT RELATIONSHIPS UNIT SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 8 Unit Launch Sectionalism. Missouri Compromise, Wilmot Proviso Views on slavery & National Politics Compromise of 1850 & The Fugitive Slave Act, Uncle Tom’s Cabin The Kansas. Nebraska Act, John Brown Dred Scott Republicans & Lincoln’s Election Strengths & Weaknesses 5 3 UNIT CURRENT UNIT 1

(8. 1) History. The student understands traditional historical points of reference in U. S. history through 1877. The student is expected to: (A) identify the major eras and events in U. S. history through 1877, including colonization, revolution, drafting of the Declaration of Independence, creation and ratification of the Constitution, religious revivals such as the Second Great Awakening, early republic, the Age of Jackson, westward expansion, reform movements, sectionalism, Civil War, and Reconstruction, and describe their causes and effects; (B) apply absolute and relative chronology through the sequencing of significant individuals, events, and time periods; and (C) explain the significance of the following dates: 1607, founding of Jamestown; 1620, arrival of the Pilgrims and signing of the Mayflower Compact; 1776, adoption of the Declaration of Independence; 1787, writing of the U. S. Constitution; 1803, Louisiana Purchase; and 1861 -1865, Civil War. (8. 7) History. The student understands how political, economic, and social factors led to the growth of sectionalism and the Civil War. The student is expected to: (A) analyze the impact of tariff policies on sections of the United States before the Civil War; (B) compare the effects of political, economic, and social factors on slaves and free blacks; (C) analyze the impact of slavery on different sections of the United States; and (D) identify the provisions and compare the effects of congressional conflicts and compromises prior to the Civil War, including the roles of John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster. (8. 8) History. The student understands individuals, issues, and events of the Civil War. The student is expected to: (A) explain the roles played by significant individuals during the Civil War, including Jefferson Davis, Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, and Abraham Lincoln, and heroes such as congressional Medal of Honor recipients William Carney and Philip Bazaar; (B) explain the causes of the Civil War, including sectionalism, states' rights, and slavery, and significant events of the Civil War, including the firing on Fort Sumter; the battles of Antietam, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg; the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation; Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House; and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln; and (C) analyze Abraham Lincoln's ideas about liberty, equality, union, and government as contained in his first and second inaugural addresses and the Gettysburg Address and contrast them with the ideas contained in Jefferson Davis's inaugural address. (8. 10) Geography. The student understands the location and characteristics of places and regions of the United States, past and present. The student is expected to: (A) locate places and regions of importance in the United States during the 17 th, 18 th, and 19 th centuries; (B) compare places and regions of the United States in terms of physical and human characteristics; and (C) analyze the effects of physical and human geographic factors on major historical and contemporary events in the United States. (8. 11) Geography. The student understands the physical characteristics of North America and how humans adapted to and modified the environment through the mid-19 th century. The student is expected to: (A) analyze how physical characteristics of the environment influenced population distribution, settlement patterns, and economic activities in the United States during the 17 th, 18 th, and 19 th centuries; (8. 12) Economics. The student understands why various sections of the United States developed different patterns of economic activity. The student is expected to: (A) identify economic differences among different regions of the United States; (8. 17) Government. The student understands the dynamic nature of the powers of the national government and state governments in a federal system. The student is expected to: (B) explain constitutional issues arising over the issue of states' rights, including the Nullification Crisis and the Civil War. (8. 18) Government. The student understands the impact of landmark Supreme Court cases. The student is expected to: (A) identify the origin of judicial review and analyze examples of congressional and presidential responses; (C) evaluate the impact of selected landmark Supreme Court decisions, including Dred Scott v. Sandford, on life in the United States.

(8. 20) Citizenship. The student understands the importance of voluntary individual participation in the democratic process. The student is expected to: (C) analyze reasons for and the impact of selected examples of civil disobedience in U. S. history such as the Boston Tea Party and Henry David Thoreau's refusal to pay a tax. (8. 21) Citizenship. The student understands the importance of the expression of different points of view in a constitutional republic. The student is expected to: (A) identify different points of view of political parties and interest groups on important historical and contemporary issues; (C) summarize a historical event in which compromise resulted in a peaceful resolution. (8. 22) Citizenship. The student understands the importance of effective leadership in a constitutional republic. The student is expected to: (A) analyze the leadership qualities of elected and appointed leaders of the United States such as George Washington, John Marshall, and Abraham Lincoln; and (B) describe the contributions of significant political, social, and military leaders of the United States such as Frederick Douglass, John Paul Jones, James Monroe, Stonewall Jackson, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. (8. 27) Science, technology, and society. The student understands the impact of science and technology on the economic development of the United States. The student is expected to: (A) explain the effects of technological and scientific innovations such as the steamboat, cotton gin, and interchangeable parts (8. 29) Social studies skills. The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired through established research methodologies from a variety of valid sources, including electronic technology. The student is expected to: (B) analyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, contrasting, finding the main idea, summarizing, making generalizations and predictions, and drawing inferences and conclusions; (D) identify points of view from the historical context surrounding an event and the frame of reference which influenced the participants; (F) identify bias in written, oral, and visual material; (G) evaluate the validity of a source based on language, corroboration with other sources, and information about the author; (I) create thematic maps, graphs, charts, models, and databases representing various aspects of the United States; and (8. 30) Social studies skills. The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms. The student is expected to: (A) use social studies terminology correctly; (B) use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, punctuation, and proper citation of sources; (C) transfer information from one medium to another, including written to visual and statistical to written or visual, using computer software as appropriate; and (D) create written, oral, and visual presentations of social studies information.

Causes of Civil War… Should slavery exist in new states? ? 1. Sectionalism__________________________________________________________ • _____ free states and _____ slave states through 1819 kept these sectionalist tensions under control by keeping a balance. • But… When Missouri petitioned to enter the Union as a slave state, the South would have a majority in the Senate if this happened; crisis… • Northerners wanted to block admitting Missouri as a slave state so that the South did not gain power. • After much worry and debate, Henry Clay proposed the “______________________” in which slavery would not be permitted above the 36 30’ line with Missouri itself being the only exception. Missouri would enter as a slave state, Maine would enter as a free state, balance preserved… Crisis temporarily averted. .

Causes of Civil War… Should slavery exist in western territories? ? Many in the North were concerned that slavery could be extended into the west. • David Wilmot, a Congressman from Pennsylvania, ___________________________. • Southerners objected. • The House passed the “______________” but the Senate defeated it. Arguments about the extension of slavery westward continued…

Opposing Views about Slavery… 1. Abolitionists________________________________and want it banned nationwide 2. Southerners- slave owners ________________________________and believed that slaves escaped to the North should be returned to them 3. Moderates- people who wanted ___________________________________________________ 4. Some people preferred the idea of Popular Sovereignty________________________________. Popular Sovereignty supporters believed that any new territory or state should let its voters decide for themselves to allow slavery or not.

Slavery Becomes a National Political Issue… • Free-Soil Party- By the 1840’s, many northern members of the Democrats and Whigs oppose slavery and want their party to take a stand. Political Party leaders are reluctant to do so because they do not want to lose any southern votes. In 1848, anti-slavery members of both parties meet in New York and __________________________________(and some free-soilers hoped to end slavery in the south as well) • __________________________________. Democrats chose Lewis Cass, the popular sovereignty candidate, Whigs chose Zachary Taylor, who did not speak on slavery at all but he was a slave owner himself, and the Free. Soil Party chose Martin Van Buren who wanted to ban slavery in western territories. • The Whigs won the election for President but the Free-Soil Party won 13 seats in Congress and earned 10% of the popular vote. This showed that slavery had become a national issue.

California reopens the crisis… • In 1849, the United States has 15 free states and 15 slave states; then California asks to enter the union as a free state… This would upset the balance in the Senate and most people felt that Oregon, Utah, and New Mexico would likely enter as free states as well leaving the south hopelessly out-voted • Some wanted the south to secede, or remove themselves from the union in response to this imbalance • Another compromise… In order to keep the union intact (to make sure the nation stays whole and no southern states leave), Daniel Webster decides to support southern demands that fugitive slaves returned to them. Webster was actually an abolitionist but felt that the preservation of the American Union was even more important. This becomes the Compromise of 1850…

The Compromise of 1850 - The Compromise of 18501. _________________________________ 2. Divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into Utah and New Mexico in which voters would decide by _______________to allow slavery or not 3. Ended the slave trade in Washington D. C. 4. A strict __________________was included 5. Border dispute between Texas and New Mexico was settled The compromise helped to hold the union together a little bit longer but the conflict over slavery and the tension between north and south only grew…

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 • The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 said ____________________________________. Failure to return a slave could result in a fine of $1, 000 and jail time. • Judges were paid $10. to return slaves to the south and only $5. to set someone free; because of this, some African Americans were sent south by judges even if they were not escaped slaves. • Northerners were VERY upset about the Fugitive Slave Act because not only did it keep people in chains but ______________________________

Uncle Tom’s Cabin ________________published the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin which was written to demonstrate the evils and injustices of slavery. The book sold millions of copies world -wide. The book was able to show many people what slavery was about, that it was not just a political problem to be handled by Congress but a true moral issue that faced every American. ________________________ as this book became widely read.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act A plan to allow Kansas and Nebraska Territories to decide if they would have slavery with a vote, by ____________________________ as had been decided for New Mexico and Utah 4 years earlier. Northerners felt like this Act essentially repealed the Missouri Compromise which already banned slavery in Kansas and Nebraska, many protested the Act by openly challenging the Fugitive Slave Act. Kansas becomes the first test of popular sovereignty… “_____________”Most settlers in Kansas are farmers from neighboring states and do not own slaves. Northern Abolitionists sent about 1000 settlers from New England, but pro-slavery groups sent settlers too. There was a battle between pro-slavery and antislavery forces in Kansas for who would control the territory…

Violence & John Brown’s Anti-slavery movement John Brown and his 4 sons had moved to Kansas because ________________________________. He, his sons, and some other men rode to Pottawatomie Creek (a town that was a stronghold of pro-slavery forces) where they dragged 5 pro-slavery settlers from their beds and murdered them. This resulted in ongoing violence as each side fought the other with a series of attacks that ultimately left about 200 people dead. In the Senate itself violence had resulted from the slavery debate… Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts was a leading abolitionist who had denounced the pro-slavery forces in Kansas, he was opposed by Andrew Butler of South Carolina. Butler’s nephew Preston Brooks beat Senator Sumner with a cane until he was bloody and unconscious.

The Dred Scott Case… A slave named Dred Scott had lived with his master in Missouri and then in the free states of Illinois and Wisconsin. When his owner died he became the slave of the owners wife and then her brother John Sanford. Scott filed a lawsuit arguing that since he had lived in a free state, he had become a free man. ________________________________________________________. It said that Scott really should not have been able to file a lawsuit in the first place. He was a slave, property, not a citizen. The court also said that Congress did not have the power to outlaw slavery in any territory. This ruling meant that the Missouri Compromise was effectively illegal, that along with the Fugitive Slave Act, no part of the U. S. would be completely free of slavery. The Democratic Party began to divide over the issue

Political Response to Dred Scott… Formation of the Republican Party. Free-soilers, northern Democrats, and anti-slavery Whigs met in Michigan in 1854 to form the ______________________with a goal of keeping slavery out of the western territories and to end it altogether. The Party grew quickly and by 1856 they had selected their first candidate for president- John Freemont, he opposed the spread of slavery. Democrats ran James Buchanan in the hope of getting votes in both north and south. Buchanan, “a northern man with southern principles” won the election with support of both north and south however, Freemont won 1/3 of the popular vote and ________________________________.

Abraham Lincoln’s Republican Party… Abraham Lincoln of Illinois had served 8 years in the state legislature, one term in Congress, and out of strong opposition to the Dred Scott, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and to slavery in general, he decided to run for Senate in 1858 against the Democratic Senator ______________________whom many people expected to be a candidate for president in 1860. During the Senate campaign, the two men ________________with the issue of slavery at center stage. Douglass supported the popular sovereignty approach- let the territories decide on slavery by vote; Lincoln believed that such a moral and social wrong should not be decided in this way and ___________________________________________. For weeks the two men debated and spoke to crowds, the newspapers reprinted their speeches. More and more northerners read and related to Lincoln’s speeches about the injustice of slavery. Lincoln lost the Senate election narrowly to Douglass but became known nationally as a result of the campaign. Two years later, Lincoln and Douglass would face off again in their race to become the 16 th President of the United States.

John Brown’s Raid John Brown and followers (including 5 African Americans) took their fight from Kansas to ______________________. Here, Brown planned to raid a federal arsenal (a gun warehouse) thinking that African American slaves would flock to help him, then he would arm them and lead a slave rebellion. He took control of the arsenal quickly, but no slave rebellion followed. Brown and his followers were met by troops under Robert E. Lee who killed ten of the raiders and captured John Brown. ______________________________________________. He sat quietly through the trial and at the end, gave a moving defense for actions. He was sentenced to death. Brown was seen by many as a man willing to give his life for his beliefs- a martyr for the abolitionists cause. On the day Brown was hanged, church bells rang throughout the north and poets wrote of his sacrifice for years to come. While northerners celebrated John Brown, southerners saw this as a sign that the north wanted to destroy slavery and the south along with it. Divisions were only deepened.

The Election of 1860 Democrats were split on the issue of outlawing slavery in the territories. The result was two candidates… Southern Democrats selected John Breckenridge of Kentucky who was willing to call for the extension of slavery into all territories Northern Democrats chose Stephen Douglass of Illinois who supported the popular sovereignty approach to slavery in the territories In compromise, the Constitutional Union Party selected John Bell of Tennessee who supported holding the union together above all else. Republicans nominated ___________________of Illinois as their candidate for president. _____________________________. He took advantage of four candidates in the race, the split in the Democratic Party, the fact that northerners outnumbered southerners and outvoted them. Even before the votes had been counted, southerners were saying that if Lincoln won, they had a duty to leave the Union because it would be proof that the south no longer had a voice in government.

Sectionalism & Issues of States’ Rights Divide the Nation… Southerners believed an abolitionist was elected to the White House and that secession was now the only choice. On December 20, 1860, __________________________________. By February of 1861, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas had also seceded. At a convention in Montgomery, Alabama these 7 states formed the new nation___________________________ and selected ___________________as the president of the Confederacy. Most southerners believed ____________________________________________________________________. (A second major cause of Civil War) Lincoln did not agree that states had such rights…

Lincoln’s Inauguration… The causes of the looming war now include sectionalism, disagreement over the extension of slavery, states rights claims by the south, and disagreement over the constitutionality of those claims in the north. Lincoln took the oath of office on March 4, 1861 and in his inaugural address he spoke on the following themes: • Union- he said the constitution had no provision for states to secede from the union and clearly sets limits on the actions of states, _______________________________. • Liberty- he said he would enforce the Fugitive Slave Act if the liberty of free African Americans could be ensured • Equality- he assured people that he would enforce federal laws equally in free and slave states • Government- he said that people must sometimes accept laws that they do not agree with and _____________________________________________________________.

Davis’ Inauguration… and the war begins Jefferson Davis too gave his inaugural address. He spoke of the reasons for the secession being the desire to promote our own rights and welfare. He emphasized that government could exist only be consent of the governed and that southerners no longer consented to a government that was opposed to their interests. _______________________________________________________________. By April, Confederates controlled nearly all federal forts, post offices, and other federal buildings in the south. On April 11, 1861 Confederates demanded the surrender of ________________ in South Carolina (important because it guarded Charleston Harbor) The Union commander, Robert Anderson refused but Confederate guns opened fire and after running out of ammunition, ________________________________. The war had begun…

Taking Sides… Southerners considered the war one for independence of the south and preservation of its way of life, some thought it was caused by the North’s unwillingness to accept their right to secede. Many called the War of Northern Aggression. Northerners believed that it was a war to preserve the Union above all; abolition of slavery was not initially a goal of the war. 8 slave states were still in the Union at the outbreak of war. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the Confederacy. The border states- Missouri, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky remained in the Union. Now people were not only divided by sectionalist feelings and loyalties but they had to divide into two governments with separate military forces.

Strengths and Weaknesses, The South… Strengths • Southerners believed they were fighting a war of _____________________________________; this gave them a strong reason to fight. • They ___________________than the northerners did and could use this to their advantage against invading troops from the north. • Jefferson Davis was considered a strong leader and had military experience. • _____________________________________ making it difficult for the Union to find good generals to match them. Weaknesses • They had very ________________to produce weapons or supplies and • There were ________________to transport troops or supplies. • They had _________________, only about 9 million people compared to 20 million in the Union. The south did not have enough people to serve as soldiers and support the war effort • The South had to handle about 1/3 of its population being enslaved Africans.

Strengths and Weaknesses, The North… Strengths • The North had ___________________and therefore, lots of volunteers to fight and plenty of people to work making weapons and supplies • The North had ___________________and industry to produce goods and ___________________ to transport them • The North had a larger and stronger Navy pulling from its huge fleet of merchant ships Weaknesses • Having to fight in the south though meant _____________ stretched out supply lines, and encountering southerners defending their homes Lincoln did not have much experience in national politics or military matters but proved to be a Strong leader and a military planner. He gained the respect of those around him and the people As the war raged on…