Causes Land Dispute Causes Different Colonial Societies British

Causes • Land Dispute

Causes Different Colonial Societies British French • Permanent, expanding settlements • No • Horrible Relationship with Indians • Great Relationship with Indians real communities, mainly forts

Causes Differing Religions • British were Protestant • French were Catholic Not the first war fought over N. America

1754 The First Clash The Ohio Valley British French

1756 War Is Formally Declared • War will become a world war • SEVEN YEAR WAR (1756 -1763) • Every major European power becomes involved • Will be a MULTI-FRONTwar – very costly to fight

The Two Sides • French are fighting with most of the Indians (Algonquian & Mohawk) and later Spain • Britain aligns with the Iroquois and the Colonists

British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials Methods of Fighting: British • Indian-style guerilla • March in formation or bayonet charge. tactics. Military • Col. militias served Organization: under own captains. • Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Military Discipline: • No mil. deference or protocols observed. • Drills & tough discipline. Finances: • Resistance to rising taxes. • Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: • Casual, non-professionals. • Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

Albany Plan of Union (1754) Ben Franklin representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA Albany Congress was meant to bolster colonial unity A

Treaty of Paris (1763) Britain Wins the War France -->lost all land in N. America Spain -->got all land west of the Mississippi River, but lost Florida to England -->got all French lands in Canada and east of the Mississippi River

Effects on Britain 1. It increased colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. England felt that a major reorganization of American Empire was necessary

Effects on the American Colonials 1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) • Ottawa Indians opposed British expansion • Led by Chief Pontiac • Began to attack British forts in Ohio Valley

Proclamation of 1763 • Britain wanted to end Native American fighting • Forbade colonists from crossing the Appalachian Mtns.

Proclamation of 1763 Colonists are FURIOUS Paxton Boys (PA) will react by attacking Native Americas

Rethinking Their Empire • Britain needs to recover its losses from the war • Decided to end Salutary Neglect and finally begin to enforce mercantilist policies and will begin to tax colonists

P. M. George Grenville’s Program, 1763 -1765 1. Sugar Act - 1764 2. Currency Act - 1764 3. Quartering Act - 1765

Debate over Representation • Actual vs. Virtual – Colonists wanted Actual, Grenville believed they had virtual • Colonists willing to pay taxes that applied to WHOLE empire • Believed taxes just on them required representation

Stamp Act (1765) • Tax placed on all printed materials • First direct tax placed just on AMERICAN COLONIES • Intended to help pay for defense costs

Virginia Resolves • Written by Patrick • Rights of the Colonists were Henry violated • Englishmen had representatives – colonists were denied this • “No taxation without representation”

Stamp Act Congress • Met in NYC • 9 colonies (no NH, VA, NC, or GA) • Wrote Declaration of Rights and Grievances which demanded the tax be repealed • Called for a non-importation of British goods

Sons of Liberty • Secret organization formed by Samuel Adams • Would tar and feather and harass tax collectors

Repeal • Violence, boycott, & protests led to the repeal in 1766 • Declaratory Act (1766) – declared Parliament had the right to tax the colonists

Townshend Act (1767) • Tax placed on glass, white lead, paper, paint, silk, and tea • Also increased custom (tax) collectors

Colonial Response 1. John Dickinson 1768 * Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania. 2. 1768 MA Circular Letter * Written by Samuel Adams * Wanted colonies to pressure Parliament to repeal & boycott 3. Riots against customs agents: * 4000 British troops sent to Boston & legislature dissolved

The Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770) • British troops in Boston are being harassed and fire into the crowd • 11 civilians are killed • Labeled a “massacre”

Repeal of Townshend Act £ Act repealed in 1770 because of boycott & violence £ Only remaining tax was on tea

Committees of Correspondence • Formed by Samuel Adams Purpose warn • Letters exchanged neighboring colonies about & published incidents with Br. throughout the & broaden the colonies resistance movement.

Tea Act (1773) British East India Co. is going bankrupt Colonists have refused to buy tea since. Townshend. Act Permitted to sell tea directly to cols. without col. middlemen (cheaper tea) Parliament expected the cols. to eagerly choose the cheaper tea.

Boston Tea Party (December 1773) • Sons of Liberty boarded ships and dumped tea into the harbor

The Coercive or Intolerable Acts (1774) 1. Port Bill – closed Boston harbor until reparations made 2. Government Act – King took direct control over MA 3. New Quartering Act – to provide for troops in MA

The Quebec Act (1774) • Intended to give more freedom to Canadians • Colonists saw it as a threat

Philadelphia (1774) 55 delegates from 12 colonies Agenda How to respond to the Coercive Acts & the Quebec Act? Articles of Association – agreement to boycott & stop exporting goods

The British Are Coming • April 1775 General Gage ordered to arrest leaders of “rebellion” • Wanted to gain control of gunpowder & weapons Paul Revere & William Dawes make a midnight ride to warn the Minutemen of marching British soldiers.

The Shot Heard ’Round the World! Lexington & Concord – April 19, 1775 73 British & 95 Americans killed Revolution has begun

Philadelphia (May 1775) • All 13 colonies present • Elect G. Washington head of the army • Wrote Olive Branch Petition • Shift towards independence: – Hessians – Burning of Am. Towns – Br. promised freedom to slaves Olive Branch Petition

Thomas Paine: Common Sense

Declaration of Independence (1776)