Catholics Vs Protestants Henry VIII Split from Catholic

Catholics Vs. Protestants

Henry VIII • Split from Catholic Church and began new Church in England • A popular decision for the English people who felt removed from the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope. • By creating a new church and placing himself as the head, he may now grant himself a divorce from his Catholic wife who could not produce a male heir.

The Spanish Armada • Catholic Spain attacked the newly Protestant England to restore the country to Catholicism • If successful they would gain control of England so that the English privateers would not raid Spanish ships coming from the New World

The Inquisition • Tortured victims in order to weed out the non-believers and strengthen the Catholic Church • The Inquisition was also used as a weapon against the Jews to confiscate their wealth for the kings

The Creation of the Jesuits • A group formed into a new Religious Order to revitalize the weakening Catholic faith • Used as a political tool of the papacy, until they became too powerful and they were outlawed. Reestablished 150 years later.

The Thirty Years’ War • A war in Germany between the Catholic and Protestant rulers • Rulers and soldiers supported the rulers that would benefit them the most. (Catholic France supported Protestant kings to check the power of Catholic Austria. )

The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre • An effort by the Catholic ruler of France to rid the country of Protestants • Politically motivated, Catherine d‘Medici attempted the assassination of a Protestant leader and was about to be discovered. • This massacre allowed her to escape prosecution. (She also kept one of the protestant leaders safe for future use against her Catholic rivals. )

Henri Bourbon becomes the French King • Henri converts to Catholicism • Declared that “Paris is worth a Mass” (meaning that he converted to Catholicism in the hope of stabilizing France that was mostly Catholic. )

The Rise of Commerce and Exploration

Marco Polo • 1275 -1293 – Travelled to China and Japan for 25 years – Visited Kublai Khan court (Genghis Khan’s son) – Upon returning, wrote: “The Travels” • Very popular throughout Europe

Columbus • 1492 – Discovered Cuba – Four voyages back to New World – Was ruthless to the natives • If the Indians did not find quota of gold, he would cut of hands He did not discover the New World He did kick start a massive migration from Europe

Conquerors • Renaissance Men: Critical thinkers who are not confined by the physical and intellectual bonds of the Middle Ages • Upper Middle Class – People who have a background in trading and shipping • Seekers of Glory: This is a big step. Few in the world have ever taken a ship out of the sight of land. New technologies had developed in ships and sailing that allowed this now

Commerce • The goal of all voyages was financial gain • Columbus (Who knew the world was round, he just thought it was smaller) was seeking a direct route to the Spice Islands to obtain items that were incredibly expensive in Europe • To control the trade and market of hard to get items - would make them rich men

The Commercial Advantages • The voyages in the early years could pay off at 1000% So if you invested $3000, how much would your return be at 1000%

Catholicism • • • In many ways the Age of Exploration was an effort to revitalize the Roman Catholic Church that was under attack from Christian Humanists and the Protestant Reformation At first the two main countries sending out voyages of exploration were the strongly Catholic countries of Spain and Portugal – Many of the voyages brought along a priest to: 1) minister to the crew and 2) to serve in an intellectual capacity should the translation of language(s) be necessary Many wanted to convert the natives, but for the most part religions provided the moral approval of materialistic aims

Slavery • Slavery had died out in Europe – Smaller, family owned farms and the agricultural products did not require large labor Could not use the native population as a work force Disease killed millions of the natives; this represents the greatest loss of life in human history. Cuba dropped from 1 million to 10, 000 natives within 5 years of Spanish occupation Natives could easily relocate out of the reach of the conquerors

Slavery • • Labor intensive crops - Tobacco - Sugar Slavery in Africa Slavery was common among the African tribes. - European Slave Traders purchased slaves from the various tribes and transported them to the New World as laborers - Africa became severely depopulated and many tribes were broken up or forced to move from the coast. Triangular Trade/Middle Passage - Trade route connecting Africa, the New World and Europe - The Middle Passage is the name given to the transportation of the slaves from Africa. Conditions were horrible for the “cargo” as the shippers allotted a small amount of space for each person. Many times half would die before they reached the New World

Bishop Bartolme de La Casas • Fought for Indian rights and to forbid slavery Pope Paul III issued Papal Bull condemning Indian slavery Spanish king could not enforce the law as, Indians were generally hated

New World

Olmecs • The first of the great civilizations of Mesoamerica originated in Central America around 1200 BC called the Olmecs • The Olmec farmed the river banks and created some cities for trade and religious ceremonies • Teotihuacán was the major city and had as many of 150, 000 inhabitants and a 200 foot temple. Goods made by the craftsman here were traded throughout Central America

Maya • The Maya’s, located in the Yucatán Peninsula, flourished from 250 -900 AD. • The Maya’s built large city -states, each revolving around a pyramid and containing temples and ballgame courts. • The Mayan city-states were often at war with each other.

Mayan Writing • The Mayans had a writing system that was destroyed by the invading Spanish • Only four survive today • After 900 AD civilization lost use of writing system

Mayan Calendar • The Mayas created a calendar of 365 days, divided into 18 months with 20 days each. The remaining 5 days were festival days. • Every 52 years they would have a leap year • Used Astronomy to help with dates

Mayan Kings • The Mayan city-states were ruled by an aristocracy with a hereditary monarchy. • The King was believed to be descended from the gods. • Were also the chief priests

Mysterious disappearance • Abandoned their cities – Desalinization • Stripping the land of minerals • Did not practice crop rotation – Farms went farther and farther away from the cities

Toltecs • Similar to other cultures • Brought metal working to Mesoamerica, using gold, silver, and copper

Aztecs • The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in the middle of Lake Texcoco is now in the middle of Mexico City. • The Aztecs were told by their god to settle where they found an eagle perched on a cactus, the current symbol of Mexico.

Aztecs • Great warriors, the Aztecs soon brought the entire area under their control, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and as far south as Guatemala. • Local lord controlled their area and paid tribute to the Aztec king. • A god-king ruled the Aztecs and was supported by a prime minister and council of lords.

Quetzalcoatl • Many of the pyramids they built, were larger in mass than the Egyptian Pyramids. • Used for human sacrifice, done to appease the sun god and postpone the destruction of the world. • Quetzalcoatl, god of creation, virtue and learning, was believed to have gone into the east and would return with the sign of an arrow through a sapling. When the Spanish came with a cross on their uniforms, they thought that Quetzalcoatl had returned, making the Spanish takeover of the empire much easier

Incas • Centered in the high lands (Andes Mountains) of South America • Great builders of cities, temples and 24, 800 miles of roads or stone highways, used only by government permission and for official and military purposes. Built temples of cut stone (no mortar) using forced labor with gold and silver

Inca • Incas kept records using a quipu, a system of knotted strings • Created terranced farming for potatoes and corn

Answer the following in complete sentences. 1. Why did Spain have the armada? 2. Why was the Inquisition necessary and where did it begin? 3. Did Columbus really discover America? - In what year did he “discover” it? 4. Why did Europeans begin to use Africans as slaves? 5. Describe in detail the triangle trade.