CATERPILLAR Oil Big Foot Caterpillar Oil Understanding Oil

CATERPILLAR Oil

Big Foot Caterpillar

Oil Understanding Oil in today’s well lubricated world

Why you need Oil in your engine • Lubrication • Oil is Reducing Friction and Wear. • Cooling • Oil acts as a Coolant (piston Cooling) • Cleaning • Oil flushes away the tiny wear particles • Sealing • Oil is forming a seal (piston rings) • Protecting • Oil prevents rust and corrosion.

The type of Oil you need • Spark Ignited Engine Oils • Used in Gasoline Engines • The API letter Designation S • Compression Ignited Engine Oils • Used in Diesel Engines. • The API letter Designation C

Engine Oil Classifications • API • American Petroleum Institute. organization designates service classifications for Oils ( S , C ). This • SAE • Society of Automotive Engineers. Establishes viscosity ratings ( SAE 40). • ASTM • American Society of Testing Materials. Standardization of the testing methods.

Engine Oil Classifications • JASO • Japanese Automobile Standards Organization. • CCMC • Comite des Constructeurs d’Automobiles du Marche Common. • Engine manufacturers in the EG

The API Donut • Oil supplier may use the API Service Categories. • Only Licensed companies may use the API “DONUT” DONUT Symbol • Licensees who use this DONUT have certified that Each licensed Oil meets all Prescribed Technical Performance Standards. • Monitoring is done through the SAE Oil Labeling Assessment Program (OLAPP). • More Info : Refer to Oil and your engine

Service Station Oils • SA SB SC SD SE SG SH 1900 - 1930 1931 - 1963 1964 - 1967 1968 - 1971 1972 - 1979 1990 - 1993 1994 - 1994 More info. ? Refer to Oil and Your Engine.

Commercial Oils • • • Used in Light to Heavy Duty Diesel applications, On-Highway Trucks Off-Highway Trucks Earthmoving Machine Engines Industrial Engines Marine Engines

Commercial Oils • • • • CA Light-duty CB Moderate-duty CC Moderate-to-severe duty CD Severe-duty CD-II Severe-duty two stroke CE Turbocharged Heavy-duty CF Upgrade over CE CF-II Upgrade over CD-II CF- 4 High-speed 4 Stroke Diesel CG- 4 Low Sulfur Fuel 0. 05% CH - 4 Requirement for CI – 4 October 2002 exhaust emissions CI – 4 Plus September 1 into 1950 1949 -1961 1960 -1990 1955 -1995 since 1983 1990 1995 1998 2002 2004

Viscosity • Viscosity refers to an Oils thickness or its resistance to flow. • High viscosity means thicker Oil • SAE 40 is thicker than SAE 30 • Low Viscosity means thinner Oil • The rate at which Oil thins out is called the Oil’s Viscosity Index or V. I.

Viscosity II • The more VISCOUS (or thicker) an Oil is the thicker the Oil film it will provide. • The thicker the Oil film, the more resistant it will be to being wiped or rubbed from lubricated surfaces. • Oil that is too thick will have excessive resistance to flow at low temperatures and so may not flow quickly enough to those parts requiring lubrication.

Viscosity-Grades • Single Grade Oil ( SAE 40 ) • Is an engine Oil that meets the SAE viscosity grade classifications at a temp. of 100 ° C (212 °F) • Multi Grade Oil ( SAE 15 W 40 ) • Is an engine Oil that meets the SAE viscosity grade classifications at a temp. Of -18 ° C (0 °F) And at a temp. Of 100 °C (212 °F) • SAE 15 at -18° C. and 40 at 100° C.

Base Stocks • Mineral Base Stock • Synthetic Base Stock

Mineral Base Stock • Mineral Base Stock Refined from petroleum crude Oils.

Synthetic Base Stock • Synthetic Base Stock Formed by a chemical process.

Additives • Additives strengthen or modify certain characteristics of the base Oil. • Additives enable the oil to meet requirements beyond the abilities of the base Oil.

Additives

Additives • Detergents. • Alkalinity Agents. • Oxidation Inhibitors. • Dispersants. • Anti-Foaming Agents • Anti-Wear Agents. • Pour-point dispersants. • Viscosity index improvers.

Additives • Detergents • Help to keep the engine clean by chemically reacting with oxidation products. • To stop the formation and deposit of insoluble compounds (plug Oil filter). • Change the combustion and oxidation acids into harmless salts.

Additives • Alkalinity agents help neutralize sulfur by products like sulphurous and sulfuric acids. • And retard corrosive damage to the engine in particular Cylinder liners.

Additives • Oxidation Inhibitors • Help prevent increases in viscosity. • And the development of organic acids and the formation of carbonaceous matter. • Zinc is used as a anti-oxidant.

Additives • Dispersants • Help prevent sludge formation by dispersing contaminants and keeping them in suspension. • If particles are allowed to bond together, they will eventually increase engine wear and plug the Oil filters.

Additives • Anti-Foaming Agent • Prevents the Oil from Foaming which causes the loss of oil pressure, • Foaming reduces the Oil’s cooling ability, • Once Oil becomes aerated it will lose its lubricating capacity.

Additives • Anti-wear agents • Reduce friction by forming a film on metal surfaces and by protecting metal surfaces from corrosion. • Alkaline detergents and zinc are types of agents.

Additives • Viscosity index improvers • Help prevent the Oil from becoming too thin at high temperatures. • V. I. improvers are chemicals which improve (reduce) the rate of viscosity change with temperature change.

Additives • Pour-point dispersants • Keep the Oil fluid at low temperatures by preventing the growth and agglomeration of wax crystals.

Total Base Number (TBN) • The alkalinity reserve in the oil is known as its TBN • The higher the TBN value the more acid (sulfur) neutralizing capacity the Oil contains. • Refer to : Oil and Your Engine

Why CF-4 /CG-4 Oils ? • Top piston ring position has been important in the redesign of 1990’s engines. • Rings are now set higher on the piston, • This reduces “dead space” in the combustion chamber, thus improving fuel efficiency and lowering emissions. • Higher mounted top rings scrape more soot from the sides of the liner and transport it to the crankcase oil as soot.

Piston Redesign of 1990 Piston Top land Height difference Crevice Volume Redesign Cylinder Liner Earlier type

Why CF-4 /CG-4 Oils ? • The new piston design results in top ring groove temperatures being 60 ° C. (140 ° F) higher than the earlier engine design. • If an API CF-4 oil is not used , the higher temperatures cause deposits to build up in the ring grooves and on ring land areas. • The Deposits will wear away the cross hatch pattern (bore polishing).

Ash or Sulfated Ash • The Ash Content of an Oil is the noncombustible residue of a lubricating oil. • Additives contain metallic derivatives, such as Barium, Calcium, and Magnesium compounds that are common sources of Ash. • These metallo-organic compounds in the Oil provide the TBN for Oil alkalinity.

S. O. S. And How do we Use it ?

S. O. S. Scheduled Oil Sampling

S. O. S. Diagnostic Tests 1 : Wear Analysis 2 : Chemical and Physical Tests 3 : Oil Condition Analysis

S. O. S. Diagnostic Tests 1 : Wear Analysis • Inductive Coupled Plasma Autosampler ICP. • After 3 samples, trend lines can be established.

S. O. S. Diagnostic Tests 2 : Chemical and Physical Tests • Detect Water, Fuel and Antifreeze in the Oil. • Water : Sputter test (0. 1 -0. 5 %). • Fuel : Cetaflash tester (4 %). • Antifreeze : Chemical test (0 %).

S. O. S. Diagnostic Tests 3 : Oil Condition Analysis. • Is performed via Infrared Analysis. • Determines and measures the amount of contaminants such as Soot , Sulfur Oxidation and Nitration products.

Oil Contamination • Wear Elements : indicate that a part or a component is wearing. • Dirt : Blowby, in the Oil, Scraped from cylinder walls. • Soot : Partially burned fuel. • Fuel : Failure in the fuel system. • Water : Condensation / Coolant leakage. • Glycol : Coolant leakage.

Wear Elements • CU = Copper • Where do we find CU in the Engine ? • Turbo Bearings. • Oil Cooler. • Bearings (Copper bounding). • Gaskets. • ? ?

Wear Elements • FE = Iron • Where do we find FE in the Engine ? • Camshafts and cam followers. • Gearwheels. • Pumps. • Cylinder Liners. • Valve Stem and Valve Guide • ? ?

Wear Elements • CR = Chromium = Chrome Where do we find CR in the engine ? • Piston rings. • Valve Stem. • Fuel pump / Injector parts. • Bearings. • ? ?

Wear Elements • PB = Lead Where do we find PB in the engine ? • Bearings. • ? ?

Wear Elements • AL = Aluminum Where do we find AL in the engine ? • Pistons. • Bearings. • Housings. • ? ?

Wear Elements • SI = Silicon = Sand • Silicone = Chemical compound • Where do we find SI in the engine ? • ? ? • Dirty / Damaged / or no Air Filter. • Assembly of dirty engine parts ! • Oil storage ? / Environment ?

Wear Elements • NA = Nitrate = Sodium. Where do we find NA in the engine ? • ? ? • In the Oil ! • Sodium is a left over from an engine coolant which has evaporated.

Wear Elements • SN = Tin Where do we find SN in the engine ? • Bearings • ?

I. R. Analysis • ST = Soot • Why Soot ? • Soot is a by-product of combustion. • Soot is an Insoluble particulate that can plug Oil filters. • Soot depletes the dispersant additives in the Oil.

I. R. Analysis • OXI = Oxidation • Why Oxidation ? • Oxidation occurs when Oxygen attacks petroleum fluids. • This process is accelerated by heat. • As Oil Oxidizes, it loses its lubricating properties. • The viscosity increases.

I. R. Analysis • NIT = Nitration • Why Nitration ? • Nitrogen compounds resulting from the combustion process. • Cause the oil to thicken, lose its lubricating abilities. • Reaches only problem levels in natural gas engines.

I. R. Analysis • SUL = Sulfation • Why Sulfation ? • Sulfur is a by-product of combustion. • Sulfur by itself is harmless. • Sulfuric acid is formed when water/ condensation is present. • TBN min. = 50 % of the new oil TBN number.

I. R. Analysis • F = Fuel • Why Fuel ? • Injection system Failure. • Fuel contamination decreases the Oil’s lubricating properties. • Clean Oil has a Flash point above 200 ° C. (392 ° F)

I. R. Analysis • W = Water • Why Water ? • Coolant leakage / Condensation. • Water combined with oil creates an emulsion which will plugs Oil filters. • Water will evaporate but will leave NA in the Oil.

I. R. Analysis • A = Antifreeze • Why Antifreeze ? • Ethylene Glycol / Antifreeze is an indicator of coolant leaking. • Glycol will cause sludge to form in the oil and can plug Oil filters. • Glycol will speed up Oxidation.

Wear Element Combinations • Fe • Where do we find FE on its own ? ? • Camshaft • Lifters. • Gears. • Pumps. • Valve Stem / Valve Guide • ? ?

Wear Element Combinations • FE + CR + SI are High ? ? • Dirt has entered the engine through the air intake system. • Piston ring wear !!! • Cylinder liner wear !!!

Wear Element Combinations • SI + FE + PB + AL are High ? ? • Dirt in the lower engine. • Potential crankshaft and bearing wear. • Blowby ? • ? ?

Wear Element Combinations • Do we know more Wear Element combinations ? • Or Other combinations ?

Oil Change Interval Extension • There are 6 Parameters that can tell the extent of Oil degradation, 1 : TBN or Sulfur level. 2 : Soot level. 3 : Oxidation level. 4 : Viscosity. 5 : Contamination levels Water / Antifreeze / Fuel / Wear Debris / Dirt 5 : Condition of the Oil Filter (Plugged/Sludged ).

Excessive Engine Oil Consumption • Excessive oil consumption is determined for engine from the 3100 Series to the 3400 Series using the Service Warranty Bulletin No. 6. 5 • Excessive oil consumption is determined by measuring the amount of oil consumed compared to the amount of fuel consumed.

Oil Consumption • Commercial engines can also have the oil consumption calculated • Brake Specific Oil Consumption = B. S. O. C. – BSOC = pounds of oil consumed per Hp per Hour – BSOC = Lbs. /Hp-Hr. – Reference EDS Sheet 96. 2 • Oil Consumption Data • Oil Usage US Gals = Engine Hp X Load Factor X BSOC / 7. 5 • Difficult part of this formula is to determine the correct Load Factor.

Questions ?