Castle Stories told by wandering instrels or bards

Castle Stories • told by wandering instrels or bards • heroic stories (ie; knights, princesses, dragons)

Cottage Stories • often about peasants outwitting manor lords or fierce animals

There were no real children’s books except for schoolbooks, so children usually read/heard adult stories.

The first real children’s books were hornbooks. They were made out of a piece of parchment glued onto wood, and they included the ABCs, vowels, and the Lord’s Prayer. They also doubled as a good baseball bat.

Timeline of Children’s Books Hornbooks --> ABC books --> Primers Note: All children’s books had strong religious overtones.

17 th and 18 Centuries

Say with us! I See the Moon – Mother Goose I see the moon, And the moon sees me, And the moon sees somebody I want to see. God bless the moon, And God bless me, And God bless the somebody I want to see.

17 th-18 th Century Children’s Literature • Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes in Either England, Drawn from the Breasts of Both Testaments for Their Souls’ Nourishment (1656) – John Cotton – First book written for children in American colonies – Goal: To make godly, Puritan children • Orbis Pictus (1659) – “The world in pictures” – Johann Amos Comenius

Fairy Tales, and Nursery Rhymes • Fairy Tales – First one printed in France in 1697: • Histoires ou contes du temps passe, avec des moralites (Stories or Tales of Times Past, with Morals) • Charles Perrault – “Cinderella” – “Puss-in-Boots” – “Red Riding Hood” • Nursery Rhymes (“Mother Goose” rhymes) – Tommy Thumb’s Pretty Song Book – Mary Cooper in 1744 • Other Popular Literature: – Daniel Defoe’s The Life and Strange and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719) – Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels

Newbery • John Newbery wrote “A Little Pretty Pocket-Book” and “Little Goody Two Shoes” • Thought that children should play for pleasure. • Influenced by enlightenment thinking. • Emphasized love and play over the wrath of God. • Honor the first man to believe that children need their own literature.

Late Eighteenth Century Children’s Literature • Women authors entered the field – Sarah Fielding, Sarah Trimmer • Children’s poetry – John Newbery, Isaac Watts, William Blake • Aim of children’s literature- to teach children morals • Main characters of stories were “exceptionally wellbehaved. ” • Children’s literature was still only available to Caucasians, most of whom were upper and middle class.

Reflection Questions • What was the main goal that the authors of this period were trying to communicate through children’s literature? • What are two books that were written during this period? – (hint: the puppets that we brought today represent characters from some of the stories of the time). • What was the main contribution of John Newbery?

References • Kiefer, B. , Hepler, S. , & Hickman, J. (2007). Charlotte Huck’s Children’s Literature (9 th ed. ). Boston: Mc. Graw Hill.

Children’s Literature: The Nineteenth Century Presented by: Laura Frei Leah Burke Meghan Moughler Michelle Thomas

Information/ Instruction Animal Stories • Noah Webster’s Blue • Anna Sewell’s Black Backed Speller and Beauty Mc. Guffey’s Eclectic – Protested the cruel treatment of horses Readers • More effective than any • Were so widely used, lecture on humane they basically WERE the treatment of animals elementary literature curriculum

Tales of Adventure • Rise in attention to adventure stories • Provided plenty of adventure, but still superficial and predictable until… • Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island (1883) – Adults were reading children’s books for the adventure instead of children reading adult books – Characters shifted from obedient and dutiful to real live boys • The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) by Mark Twain Family Stories • Generally religious and moralistic • Became more popular • 1 st of family stories: The Fairchild Family by Martha Sherwood 3 book series. Frighteningly realistic • Little Women by Louisa May Alcott- didn’t preach morals, just loving family

Folktale and Fantasy • There was a movement to preserve the form and content of old tales in text. • The “first stirrings” of modern fantasy were seen. • 1812 The Grimm Brothers: Kinder und Hausmärchen–Collection of retold stories by servants and peasants • 1865 Lewis Carroll: Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland– Illustrated by John Tenniel and written without a lesson or moral, but purely made for enjoyment Poetry • Poetry flourished during this century and transformed from a religion and moral influence to a nonsensical rhythm and rhyme focus for entertainment • 1846 Edward Lear: A Book of Nonsense – Greatest contribution to children’s literature, written only for entertainment • 1885 Robert Louis Stevenson: A Child’s Garden of Verses

Magazines Illustrators • Became popular during the second half of the century with the Sunday School movement • St. Nicholas Magazine was the most famous • Illustrators began to receive more recognition • Illustrations moved from crude woodcuts to refined images • Randolph Caldecott’s books Hey Diddle Picture Book and others became known for their pictures – Known for its artwork and popular stories such as those from Louisa May Alcott – Contained many stories which ended up becoming classics of the day – Edited by Mary Mapes Dodge – The Caldecott Medal was created in his honor for the most distinguished picture books

A Look Back • Beginning of literature designed to bring children joy and happiness • Was ever present in America and England • Illustrations were more beautiful • Race, ethnicity, gender, and class were still not present within children’s literature

Children's Literature: The 20 th Century Madeline

TIME LINE DURING EARLY 20 TH CENTURY WWI Roaring 20’s The Great Depression WWII

Introduction to Literature and the 20 th Century • Literary and artistic quality in children’s books was gaining popularity • Publishing houses were increasing their production of children’s books • Public and School Libraries expanded their services to children • Technology made higher quality illustrations

Key Events • 1915 - The American Library Association had established a School library division • 1922 - The Newbery Medal was first awarded for “distinguished contribution to literature for children” • 1938 - The Caldecott was awarded for the most distinguished illustration • 1945 - The Children’s Book Council was established to promote children’s book week • 1950 s- Paperback book clubs made it possible for children to own books

Characteristics • Due to progressive education, the growth of nursery school movement brought an increase in books for preschool children • Prior to the 1960 s, characters in children’s books were predominately white. When Native Americans and African Americans were included, they were very misrepresented. • Biographies were the first genre to represent people of color.

Writings & Authors • • The Tale of Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter (~1900) Goodnight Moon by Margaret Wise Brown (1947) The Little Engine that Could by Watty Piper (1929) Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel by Virginia Lee Burton (1939) • Madeline by Ludwig Bemelmans (1939) • Curious George by H. A. Rey • I Am a Pueblo Indian Girl by E-Yeh-Shure (late 1960 s)

QUIZ • 1. What aided the improvement of illustrations? • 2. What 2 major awards began in the 20 th • Century? • 3. What did the American Library Association Establish? • 4. How would you describe the majority of characters in the early 20 th century? • 5. Name famous books from this time period-

Presented By: Brittany Klaas, Jenny Novak, and Jess Mittelman

1950’s “The Leave it to Beaver Era” 1960’s 1970’s “The That 70’s Show Era” 1980’s 1990’s “The Fresh Prince of Bell-Air Era”

Literature • Folktales, • Fantasy (serious themes) • End of WWII – Baby boom – Explosion of jobs – “ideal family life” • Civil Rights Movement – Racial Segregation of schools unconstitutional – Rosa Parks • Launch of Sputnik – C. S. Lewis, The Lion The Witch and the Wardrobe (right and wrong) – E. B. White, Charlotte's Web • Poetry (African writers more prominent) – Gwendolyn Brooks, Bronzeville Boys and Girls • Contemporary Realistic Fiction (open discussion of prejudice, “all American-boy”) – Natalie Carson, The Empty Schoolhouse – Beverly Cleary, Henry Huggins

Literature • Picture Story Books • Misrepresentation of other cultures • John Steptoe’s Stevie (1969) presented the first authentic African American character • Nonfiction: 1960 s—social attitudes began to be reflected about historical events and biography • America: Adventures in Eyewitness History (1962) by Rhonda Hoff recognized children’s allowed children to draw own conclusions. • Only the Names Remain: The Cherokees and the Trail of Tears (1972) by Alex Bealer, from the Native American point of view. • • Kennedy’s Assassination Vietnam War Feminism Civil Rights Movement • Emphasis placed on individual African and Jewish folktales, Native American legends. • Gail Haley, 1971 Caldecott Medal for A Story, an African Tale of Anansi • High Fantasy—themes of battle between good and evil, other cosmic issues. • Madeleine L’Engle, Lloyd Alexander, Susan Cooper, etc. • Poetry—Specialized collections celebrating the uniqueness of other cultures and women. • Historical Fiction: by 1970 s, concerned with social conscience. • Roll of Thunder, Head My Cry (1978) by Mildred Taylor won the Newbery award—culturally accurate and moving account of African American’s in the deep South. • Contemporary Realistic Fiction, “new freedoms” of 1960 s. • Harriet The Spy (1964) by Louise Fitzhugh • Other books dealt with death, suicide, alcoholism, homosexuality, divorce. • Are You There God? It’s Me Margaret (1970) by Judy Blume

1980’s • 1980’s known as the “Me decade” • End of the Cold War • Feministic movement, multiculturalism 1990’s • 1990’s centered around globalization • Acts of terrorism (9/11) • Throughout both decades the emphasis was on sharing and appreciating all cultures and forming tolerance and openness concerning all races and ethnicities Fantasy • books were popularized in the 1980’s • Virginia Hamilton’s Adventures of Pretty Pearl 1983 • Laurence Yep's Dragon of the Lost Sea 1982 Historical fiction • Mostly concerned with social issues rather than personal ones Contemporary Realistic Fiction • Virginia Driving Hawk Sneve's Jimmy Yellow Hawk – dealt with the issue of Native American children trying to live in two worlds • Books by and about people of color finally received recognition • The books of the 80’s and 90’s did not aim to present children with happy, safe stories, but rather attempted to expose them to trauma, issues, and differences

Recent Trends in Children’s Books Allie Seefeldt Amy Ritter Karen Bennett

$$$$$$$ Big Business $$$$$$$ $ Growth in publishing since 80’s $ Titles go out of print within 5 years $ Top 5 sellers $ Poky Little Puppy, Tale of Peter Rabbit, Harry Potter Goblin of Fire, Green Eggs and Ham, & Tootle 1980 2000 2004 2, 895 books 5, 119 books 13, 522 books $ Celebrity authors and series

Shifts in Publishing Emphases • Hardcover fiction, especially fantasy, is becoming more popular than picture books – The Last Dragon by De. Mari • Reasons for picture book publishing decline – Dropping birthrate – Decrease in library fund-raising • Rise of graphic novels – anime, manga, & comic books • Rise of toy books – pop-up books, books with novelty items • Written to formula series books – Junie B. Jones and the Mushy Gushy Valentime by Barbara Park

Changes in Writing and Illustrations • Greater freedom in writing now – More than just third person – Novels in free verse • Out of the Dust by Karen Hesse – Morphed genres • Greater technology – Allows photo clarity in illustrations – Computer-generated art • More complex interactions between pictures and print – The Three Pigs by David Wiesner

Children’s Literature in the School and Community • Trade books • Use of real literature • Renewed emphasis on teaching phonics (NCLB) – Less time for real literature • Used for objective purposes = less enjoyable • Community literacy programs – Combat illiteracy in U. S. – Read Across America – Laura Bush’s Ready to Read, Ready to Learn

Development of a Multi-Literate Society • Post-literate society due to technology • Advantages of Internet – Accessibility of books – Chat rooms for book discussions – Online book stores • Multi-literate and multi-modal kids – Reading – Computers • Will the book be as important in the 21 st century as it was in the 20 th?

REVIEW Draw a picture that shows a recent trend in children’s literature.

Multicultural Literature Presented by: Shannon Overdorff Lia Quatrini Martina Shearer

Early 1900’s… • Latino and African American communities started to recognize the need for children to see themselves reflected in their books and stories • 1909: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded. • Included W. E. B. Dubois and Ida Wells Barnett

1920’s and 1930’s • 1920: Dubois published the first issue of The Brownies’ Book which helped children of color realize that they were normal • 1920 s and 1930 s: Harlem Renaissance: introduced African American artists into the art scene in the U. S. • 1933: Sterling A. Brown’s Negro Character As Seen By White Authors • Blacks categorized: – – The Contented Slave The Wretched Freeman The Comic Negro The Brute Negro

1940’s-1950’s • 1940 s: African American librarians start to use more African American books • 1950: Pippi Longstocking, arrived in the US from the Swedish author Astrid Lindaren – Marked the beginning of international influence • 1950 s: The number of book fairs and exhibitions of children’s books showed the growth of internationalism • 1953: The first general assembly of the International Board on Books for Young people was held • 1954: Brown vs. Board of Education

1960’s and 1970’s • Of 5, 000 books published between 1962 and 1964, only 4/5 of 1% (40 books) included mention of contemporary African Americans in either text or pictures • Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 provides fund for educational services to low-income children • 1967 and 1969: Publication of Virginia Hamilton’s Zeely and John Steptoe’s Stevie. • 1969: CIBC (Council on Interracial Books for Children) establishes contest for publishers to write “culturally authentic, and free of race and gender bias. ”

1980’s and 1990’s • Enormous growth in children’s book publishing in late 1980’s • Children’s book sales skyrocketed to 1 billion in 1990

Multicultural Literature Today • Multicultural literature includes 4 types of literature: – World literature (from non-West countries) – Cross cultural literature (relations b/w cultural groups) – Minority literature (parallel cultures) – Interesting cultures (mixed race or biracial individuals)

Awards • Awards Established: – Coretta Scott King Award (1969) (African) – Pura Belpré (Latino) – Asian Pacific Award • Publishers Created (59): – Black Butterfly Press – Just Us Books – Arte Público