Case studies of digital libraries supporting education NDLTD
Case studies of digital libraries supporting education: NDLTD and CITIDEL VII Conference for Information Technologies Universidad de los Andes Mérida, Venezuela 5 -9 th July 2004 http: //www. serbi. ula. ve/coloquio/ Edward A. Fox Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA fox@vt. edu http: //fox. cs. vt. edu Slides: http: //smp 2. cc. vt. edu/~fox/tmp. Merida 2004 Fox. ppt
Acknowledgements (Selected) • Sponsors: US Embassy, Conference/University; plus: ACM, Adobe, AOL, IBM, Microsoft, NASA, NLM, NSF, OCLC, SUN, US Dept. of Ed. (FIPSE) • VT Faculty/Staff: Debra Dudley, Weiguo Fan, Gail Mc. Millan, Manuel Perez, Naren Ramakrishnan, Layne Watson, … • VT Students: Yuxin Chen, Shahrooz Feizabadi, Marcos Goncalves, Nithiwat Kampanya, S. H. Kim, Aaron Krowne, Bing Liu, Ming Luo, Paul Mather, Fernando Das Neves, Unni. Ravindranathan, Ryan Richardson, Rao Shen, Ohm Sornil, Hussein Suleman, Ricardo Torres, Wensi Xi, Baoping Zhang, …
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (NDLTD) • NDLTD Board of Directors, previous Steering Committee + other NDLTD committees; those running Electronic Thesis & Dissertation (ETD) initiatives in universities, regions, countries • Helpful sponsorship by many organizations, especially Adobe (new initiative!), CONACy. T, DFG, FIPSE (US Dept. Education), IBM, Microsoft, NSF (IIS-9986089, 0086227, 0080748, 0325579; DUE 0121679, 0136690, 0121741, 0333601), OCLC, SOLINET, SUN, SURA, UNESCO, VTLS, many governments (Australia, Germany, India, …), … • Colleagues at Virginia Tech (faculty, staff, students), and collaborators at many universities • Slides included from: Vinod Chachra, Thom Hickey, Joan Lippincott, Gail Mc. Millan, Axel Plathe, Hussein Suleman, …
Part 1 Introduction
Virginia Tech Background • Largest university in Virginia, land-grant, football, town population 35 K plus 26 K students • 3 rd fastest supercomputer (1100 Apple G 5 dual-proc) • Blacksburg Electronic Village, since 1992, with > 80% of community on Internet • Net. Work. Virginia, with sites for education, research, government; LMDS, gigabit wireless networking • Math Emporium, 500 workstations • Faculty Development Initiative, round 3 • Torgersen Hall, $30 M Advanced Communications and Information Technology Center, with DLRL
Fox at VT • Professor, Dept. of Computer Science • 1/3 time report to Erv Blythe, VP for Info. Tech. • Director of University Center: Internet Technology Innovation Center at VT • Director, Digital Library Research Laboratory • • Location: 2030 Torgersen Hall Students: typically about 20 Visitors: India: 2, S. Korea: 1, Brazil: 1, … Grants: 9 active • www. dlib. vt. edu
Digital Libraries --- Objectives • World Lit. : 24 hr / 7 day / from desktop • Integrated “super” information systems: 5 S: streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies • Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost • Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery • Disintermediation -> Collaboration • Universities Reclaim Property • Interactive Courseware, Student Works • Scalable, Sustainable, Useful
DLs: Why of Global Interest? • National projects can preserve antiquities and heritage: cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly • Knowledge and information are essential to economic and technological growth, education • DL - a domain for international collaboration • • wherein all can contribute and benefit which leverages investment in networking which provides useful content on Internet & WWW which will tie nations and peoples together more strongly and through deeper understanding
Libraries of the Future JCR Licklider, 1965, MIT Press World Nation State City Community
Synchronous Scholarly Communication Same time, Same or different place
ous, Digital Library Mediated Scholarly Com Different time and/or place
Information Life Cycle Authoring Modifying Using Creating Retention / Mining Organizing Indexing Accessing Filtering Storing Retrieving Distributing Networking
Definitions • Library ++ (library+archive+museum+…) • Distributed information system + organization + effective interface • User community + collection + services • Digital objects, repositories, IPR management, handles, indexes, federated search, hyperbase, annotation
Open Archives Initiative (OAI) • Advocacy for interoperability • Standard for transferring metadata among digital libraries • Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (PMH) • Simplicity • Generality • Extensibility • Support for PMH => Open Archive (OA)
OAI = Technical Umbrella for Practical Interoperability… Reference Libraries Museums Publishers E-Print Archives …that can be exploited by different communities
OAI – Repository Perspective Required: Protocol MDO MDO DO DO
OAI – Black Box Perspective OA 7 OA 4 OA 2 OA 1 OA 3 OA 6 OA 5
The World According to OAI Service Providers Discovery Current Awareness Metadata harvesting Data Providers Preservation
Digital Libraries Shorten the Chain from Editor Reviewer Publisher A&I Consolidator Library
DLs Shorten the Chain to Author Teacher Digital Reader Editor Reviewer Learner Librarian Library
Case Study: Education • Refactoring Scholarly Communication: • Creating, Sharing, Reviewing, Teaching, Learning, … • • Physics: Phys. Net OCKHAM CSTC, CITIDEL, NSDL NDLTD
Part 2 CITIDEL (and NSDL)
Computer Science Teaching Center (www. CSTC. org) • Instead of building large, expensive multimedia packages, that become obsolete and are difficult to re-use, concentrate on small knowledge units. • Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules that have been reviewed and tested. • Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of support for learners, upon which a variety of courses, self-study tutorials & reference resources can be built. • ACM support led to Journal of Educational Resources in Computing (JERIC), accessible from www. acm. org
Computing and Information Technology Interactive Digital Educational Library (CITIDEL) • Domain: computing / information technology • Genre: one-stop-shopping for teachers & learners: courseware (CSTC, JERIC), leading DLs (ACM, IEEE-CS, DB&LP, Cite. Seer), Planet. Math. org, NCSTRL (technical reports), … • Submission & Collection: sub/partner collections www. citidel. org
www. CITIDEL. org • Led by Virginia Tech, with co-PIs: • Fox (director, DL systems) • Lee (history) • Perez (user interface, Spanish support) • Partners • College of New Jersey (Knox) • Hofstra (Impagliazzo) • Villanova (Cassel) • Penn State (Giles)
Overview of CITIDEL architecture
Distributed repository structure
Digital library architecture for local and interoperable CITIDEL services
CITIDEL: Computing & Information Technology Interactive Digital Education Library
Cluster Search Results from CITIDEL
Cluster NDLTD-Computing
CITIDEL -> NSDL • A collection project in the • National STEM (science, technolgy, engineering, and mathematics) education Digital Library – NSDL • National Science Digital Library • www. nsdl. org
Expectations of NSDL Program. Tracks • Core Integration: coordinate a distributed alliance of resource collection and service providers; and ensure reliable and extensible access to and usability of the resulting network of learning environments and resources • Collections: aggregate and actively manage a subset of the digital library’s content within a coherent theme / specialty • Services: increase the impact, reach, efficiency, and value of the digital library in its fully operational form • Targeted (Applied) Research: have immediate impact on one or more of the other three tracks
Collections • • Discovery of content Classification and cataloguing Acquisition and/or linking; referencing Disciplinary-based themes define a natural body of content, but other possibilities are also encouraged • Access to massive real-time or archived datasets • Software tool suites for analysis, modeling, simulation, or visualization • Reviewed commentary on learning materials and pedagogy
Services • Help services, frequently asked questions, etc. • Synchronous/asynchronous collaborative learning environments using shared resources • Mechanisms for building personal annotated digital information spaces • Reliability testing for applets or other digital learning objects • Audio, image, and video search capability • Metadata system translation • Community feedback mechanisms
NSDL Information Architecture Essentially as developed by the Technical Infrastructure Workgroup Portals & Clients NSDL Collections referenced items&& Special items collections Databases collections User Interfaces Core NSDL “Bus” Collection Building Core Services: Collectionmetadata Building Core gathering Collection. Services protocols Building Services harvesting NSDL Services Other NSDL Services Usage Enhancement Core Services: CI Services information retrieval CI Services browsing CI Services authentication CI Services personalization CI Services discussion annotation
Part 3 NDLTD
A Digital Library Case Study • Domain: graduate Project: education, research Networked Digital • Genre: ETDs=electronic Library of Theses & theses & dissertations Dissertations • Submission: (NDLTD) http: //etd. vt. edu http: //www. ndltd. org • Collection: http: //www. theses. org
The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations www. NDLTD. org Training Authors Expanding Access Preserving Knowledge Improving Graduate Education Enhancing Scholarly Communication Empowering Students & Universities Leader of the Worldwide ETD (Electronic Thesis and Dissertation) Initiative
Main Message • Digital libraries can help advance education. • Venezuela is invited to engage in NDLTD, as well as CITIDEL, NSDL, and other DL ventures. • UNESCO Analytical Survey on Digital Libraries in Education is recommending DLE in each nation. • Local and national support can • • stimulate activities, including collaboration promote a sharing culture, especially in research and teaching leverage others’ investments (networking, computing, …) encourage / facilitate learning • Please join NDLTD!
What led to today’s meeting? • 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, … • 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10 universities with 3 reps each • 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic Library (regional, US Southeast): SURA, SOLINET • 1994 mtg at VT: std: PDF + SGML + multimedia objects • 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education (FIPSE) • 1997 meetings in UK, Germany, . . . • 1998 – 1 st symposium – Memphis (20) • 1999 – 2 nd symposium – Blacksburg (70) • 2000 – 3 rd symposium – St. Petersburg (225) • 2001 – 4 th symposium – Caltech (200) • 2002 – 5 th syposium – BYU, Provo, Utah • 2003 – 6 th syposium – Berlin (215) • 2004 – 7 th syposium – U. Kentucky • 2005 – 8 th syposium – Sydney, Australia
What are the long term goals? • 400 K US students / year getting grad degrees are exposed / involved • 200 K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into electronic portfolios (images, video, audio, …) • Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: literature reviews, bibliographies, … • Services providing lifelong access for students: browse, search, prior searches, citation links • Hundreds/thousands of downloads / year / work
ETDs: Library Goals • Improve library services • Better turn-around time • Always available • Reduce work • catalog from e-text • eliminate handling: mailing to Pro. Quest, bindery prep, check-out, check-in, reshelving, etc. • Save space
NDLTD Incorporation • Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations incorporated May 20, 2003 in Virginia, USA • Charitable and educational purposes (501 c 3) • Can accept donations, collect dues, receive funds • Le. Clair Ryan provides legal counsel • Officers • Executive Director (Ed Fox) • Secretary (Gail Mc. Millan) • Treasurer (Scott Eldredge)
Board of Directors • • • • Suzie Allard (ETD 2004, U. Kentucky) • Denise A. D. Bedford (World Bank) • Julia C. Blixrud (ARL, SPARC) • José Luis Borbinha (National Lib Portugal) • Alex Byrne (ETD 2005, ADT: Australia) • Tony Cargnelutti (ETD 2005, Australia) • Vinod Chachra (VTLS) • Susan Copeland (RGU, UK) • Jude Edminster (Bowling Green St. Univ. ) • Scott Eldredge (Treasurer, ETD 2002, BYU) • Edward A. Fox (Exec Director, Virginia Tech) • John H. Hagen (West Virginia U. ) • Thomas B. Hickey (OCLC) • Christine Jewell (U. Waterloo, Canada) Delphine Lewis (Pro. Quest) Joan K. Lippincott (CNI) Mike Looney (Adobe) Gail Mc. Millan (Secretary, Virginia Tech) Joseph Moxley (ETD 2000, USF) Eva Müller (U. Uppsala, Sweden) Ana Pavani (PUC Rio, Brazil) Axel Plathe (UNESCO, Paris) Sharon Reeves (National Library Canada) Peter Schirmbacher (ETD 2003, Humboldt) Hussein Suleman (U. Cape Town, S. Africa) Shalini R. Urs (U. Mysore, India) Eric F. Van de Velde (ETD 2001, Caltech)
NDLTD Committees (Chairs) • • • Awards (John Hagen) Conferences (Tony Cargnelutti) Development (Peter Schirmbacher) Executive (Edward Fox) Finance (Scott Eldredge) Implementation (Ana Pavani) Membership (Shalini Urs) Nominating (Sharon Reeves) Standards (Thomas B. Hickey) Union Catalog (Vinod Chachra)
Selected Projects / Sponsors • • • Australia (ADT) Brazil (BDT, IBICT) Canada Catalunya Chile (Cybertesis) Germany India (Vidyanidhi) Korea Ohio. LINK: 79 colleges/univs • Portugal (National Library) • South Africa • UK (British Library, JISC, Edinburgh, …) • UNESCO (especially Latin America, Eastern Europe, Africa) • Venezuela
Some Countries • • • • • Australia Belgium Brazil Canada Chile China, Hong Kong Columbia Finland France Germany Greece India Italy Jamaica Korea Lithuania Malaysia Mexico • • • • • Namibia Netherlands Norway Poland Russia Singapore S. Africa S. Korea Spain Sudan Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Turkey UK USA Venezuela Yugoslavia
Some Institutional Members • • • • • British Library Cinemedia Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC) Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya Diplomica. com Dissertationen Online (Germany) ETDweb, a Division of Answer 4. com Ibero-American Sci. & Tech. Education Consortium (ISTEC) National Documentation Centre (NDC), Greece National Library of Portugal (for all universities) OCLC Online Computer Library Center Ohio. LINK Organization of American States (SEDI/OAS) Southeastern Library Network (SOLINET) UNESCO (www. unesco. org/webworld/etd)
UNESCO and ETDs (by Axel Plathe at ETD 2003) • Promoting the use of the Internet as a tool for disseminating scientific knowledge • Facilitating the transfer of ETD expertise from developed to developing countries • 1998: Member of the NDLTD Steering Committee • 1999: First UNESCO ETD meeting on ETD internationalisation • 2002: “UNESCO Guide to Electronic Theses and Dissertations” • 2003: Model training programmes and training courses • 2003: Sponsor pilot projects • 2003: Pilot projects (Africa, Europe, Latin-America)
Convene Local Planning Group ETD
ETD project participants • • Academic administrators Faculty Students Staff Graduate school / provost / registrar Information technologists Librarians
Build Local ETD Site ETD Workshop/Training Digital Library Policies Inspection/Approval
Student Prepares Thesis/Dissertation NDLTD Literature Computer Resources Research
Student Defends & Finalizes ETD My Thesis ETD
Student Gets Committee Signatures and Submits ETD Signed Grad School
Graduate School Approves ETD, Student is Graduated Ph. D.
Library Catalogs ETD, Access is Opened to the New Research WWW NDLTD
http: //scholar. lib. vt. edu/theses/available/etd-2227102539751141/
Status of the VT Project • Approved by university governance Spring 1996; required starting 1/1/97 • Submission & access software in place • Submission workshops for students (and faculty) occur often: beginner/adv. • Faculty training as part of Faculty Development Initiative • Over 5000 ETDs in collection – some have audio, video, large images, software, …
Archiving ETDs • Every 15 minutes back-ups made of not-yet -approved submissions • Hourly back-ups of newly approved ETDs • Weekly back-ups of entire ETD collection • Copies stored on-site and off-site
VT ETD Cataloging • same as current cataloging policies, except: • author-assigned keywords (not LCSH) • generic (not LC) call no. • fields/subfields as required for computer files • full abstracts • time savings • cataloger familiar with computer files • equipment, software for word processing • 5 minutes avg. (10 -15 minutes for paper TDs)
Library Resources • Hardware: with Apache web server • Maintenance and security • Started small; now: Sun 2 -processor Enterprise 250 --Solaris 2. 7 • Software • Submission scripts written by DLA • Includes e-mail notifications to authors, advisors, UMI • Use it too: http: //scholar. lib. vt. edu/ETD-db/ • Log files analyzed with Analog • Survey scripts written by DLA • Data from authors and readers • Use it too: http: //lumiere. lib. vt. edu/surveys/ • Search Engine • Started small; now: Info. Seek’s ULTRASEEK
Digital Library Benefits: Low margin, high use • Incorporate ETDs with other digital library activities • Ejournals, online class materials, digital images, etc. • Additional equipment, staff may not be necessary • http: //scholar. lib. vt. edu/theses/data/setup. html • Use VT programs, scripts, etc. • http: //scholar. lib. vt. edu/ETD-db/ • Online accesses vs. circulation of copies • 1990 -1994, average circulation per copy per year: • 2. 2 for theses, 3. 2 for dissertations
Access to VT’s ETDs http: //scholar. lib. vt. edu/theses/
Info Available at VT • Information http: //scholar. lib. vt. edu/theses • Automated submission system ready for customization http: //scholar. lib. vt. edu/ETD-db/ • Student guidelines, training materials, FAQ's, multimedia educational materials http: //etd. vt. edu
ETD Union Collection (OAI)
Union catalog: OCLC • OCLC will expand OAI data provider on TDs. • Is getting data from World. Cat (so, from many sites!). • Will harvest from all others who contact them. • Need DC and either ETD-MS or MARC. • Has a set for ETDs.
OCLC SRU Interface
Union catalog: VTLS, VT • VTLS will enhance search/browse service for ETDs • Will harvest from OCLC’s set of ETD records • Will receive through other mechanisms • Will work with MARC-21 and ETD-MS • VT will continue to offer experimental services
ETD Union Search Mirror Site in China (CALIS) (http: //ndltd. calis. edu. cn – popular site!)
VTLS Union Catalog Content Languages n The VTLS NDLTD Union Catalog has data in 6 different languages. These are: n English n German n Greek n Korean n Portuguese n Spanish n Examples follow
Language = German; hits = 137
Full record display
Relationship with publishers • Concern of faculty and students that still wish to publish books or journal articles, voiced: campus, Chronicle, NPR, Times • Solution: Approval Form gives students, faculty choices on access, when to change access condition; use IPR controls in DL • Solution: by case, work with publishers and publisher associations to increase access • • AAP, AAUP AAAS, ACM, ACS, Elsevier, . . .
Summary: ETDs and Publishing • Early controversies waning • Faculty: prior publication? • Protective of future academics • Surveys of publishers • No specific policies largely • Consider submissions individually • VT ETD Alumni • None had problems getting published • Authors • Retain some rights, e. g. , link to curriculum vitae, online course materials
ETDs and Copyright • Author’s rights • Retain copyright! • Rights include reproduction, modification, distribution, public performance, public display • Share non-exclusive rights: • Permit library to store / provide access • Author’s obligations: fair use • Balance factors or get permission
ETDs and Long-term Preservation • Concerns: Access without paper • Long term preservation • Standard multimedia formats • Adobe support (www. adobe. com/education/etd) • Free (and compatible) PDF Reader, work on PDF/A • http: //scholar. lib. vt. edu/theses/archive. html • Addressed Concerns • Cooperatives, e. g. , Ohio. Link • Commercial options • Pro. Quest: traditional microfilming, CDs, … • Frequent, regular back-ups available on-, off-site
ETD-MS • ETD Metadata Standard • XML-encoded metadata standard (content and encoding) for Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) • in part conforming to Dublin Core (DC) • using RDF • using UNICODE • Will specify relationship with MARC
Complex to Simple MARC ($50) Dublin Core (DC) + thesis
Added Support by NDLTD • Links from NDLTD site • ETD individuals support – submit ETD • ETD discussion (e-prints) – community activities • Conference papers and presentations – community activities • Automated support to “join NDLTD” • Marcel Dekker book now available • Edward A. Fox, Shahrooz Feizbadi, Joseph M. Moxley, and Christian R. Weisser, eds. , The ETD Sourcebook: Theses and Dissertations in the Electronic Age, New York: Marcel Dekker, 2004
Spirit of NDLTD • • • Help make a better (smaller) world Win-win (everyone can benefit) Have fun helping others Helpers/teachers learn more than those they work with Build on standards ETDs are preservable, popular, expressive, “better” • Doable, feasible, learnable, affordable, sharable • Please join and participate in NDLTD!
Part 4 Conclusion
Digital Libraries in Education • • Analytical Survey, ed. Leonid Kalinichenko © 2003, www. iite-unesco. org, info@iite. ru Transforming the Way to Learn DLs of Educational Resources & Services Integrated/Virtual Learning Environment Educational Metadata Current DLEs: US (NSDL, DLESE, CITIDEL, NDLTD), Europe (Scholnet, Cyclades), UK (Distributed National Electronic Resource)
Case Studies to Future DLs • All are invited to join NDLTD! • All are invited to connect with NSDL, in general, and CITIDEL in particular, toward: • DLEs in every country, • Institutional repositories at every site. • Case studies also help us generalize and advance the field, as through • 5 S (see next slides)
5 S Model: Examples, Objectives Models Examples Objectives Stream Text; video; audio; image Describes properties of the DL content such as encoding and language for textual material or particular forms of multimedia data Structures Collection; catalog; hypertext; document; metadata; organization tools Specifies organizational aspects of the DL content Spatial Measure; measurable, topological, vector, probabilistic Defines logical and presentational views of several DL components Scenarios Searching, browsing, recommending, Details the behavior of DL services Societies Service managers, learners, Teachers, etc. Defines managers, responsible for running DL services; actors, that use those services; and relationships among them
DL Services/Activities Taxonomy (Gonçalves) Infrastructure Services Repository-Building Creational Preservational Acquiring Cataloging Crawling (focused) Describing Digitizing Federating Harvesting Purchasing Submitting Conserving Converting Copying/Replicating Emulating Renewing Translating (format) Add Value Annotating Classifying Clustering Evaluating Extracting Indexing Measuring Publicizing Rating Reviewing (peer) Surveying Translating (language) Information Satisfaction Services Browsing Collaborating Customizing Filtering Providing access Recommending Requesting Searching Visualizing
For More Information • • • http: //fox. cs. vt. edu www. dlib. vt. edu www. citidel. org www. nsdl. org www. ndltd. org 5 S: see Gonçalves et al. in ACM Trans. Info. Systems April 2004
Questions/Discussion?
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