CARTIER CARTIER Early Life Cartier was a master

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CARTIER

CARTIER

CARTIER: Early Life • Cartier was a master pilot (listed on marriage license) •

CARTIER: Early Life • Cartier was a master pilot (listed on marriage license) • Visited Brazil. Adopted a child named Catherine du Brazil. He compared areas visited to parts of Brazil.

FRANCIS 1 • “The sun shines for me as for the others and I

FRANCIS 1 • “The sun shines for me as for the others and I should very much like to see the clause in Adam’s will that shuts me off from my share of the world. ”

Cartier takes over for Verrazano after he is eaten by the Carib Indians

Cartier takes over for Verrazano after he is eaten by the Carib Indians

1533 FAILURE • Cartier attempts to gather an experienced crew from the fishermen of

1533 FAILURE • Cartier attempts to gather an experienced crew from the fishermen of St. Malo. • No success… • Need the experienced men for the fishing fleet. • Exploration will open up the Grand Banks to everyone.

CARTIER’S FIRST EXPEDITION • Two caravel of 60 tons each • 60 crew •

CARTIER’S FIRST EXPEDITION • Two caravel of 60 tons each • 60 crew • flintlock muskets • 4 light cannons to scare native • April 20, 1534 set sail

 • 20 days to cross from St. Malo, France to Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland.

• 20 days to cross from St. Malo, France to Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland. • Sails towards Labrador. Calls it “the land God gave to Cain. ” • Names Cape St. John (Most south westerly point on Newfoundland. ) • Sails west. . .

CHALEUR BAY July 15, 1534 • 40 -50 First Nations canoes cross in front

CHALEUR BAY July 15, 1534 • 40 -50 First Nations canoes cross in front of Cartiers ship. They want to trade. • Seven canoes surround Cartier’s long boat. He fires the light cannon. Indians retreat then return. Cartier fires “fire lances”. • First Nations withdrew at warp speed… • The first nations had not shown any hostility towards Cartier. Why do you suppose Cartier acted this way?

Gaspé

Gaspé

JULY 24, 1534. • Cartier erected a 30’ cross on Penouille Point at the

JULY 24, 1534. • Cartier erected a 30’ cross on Penouille Point at the mouth of Chaleur Bay. • On the cross is carved “long live the king of France”. • The First Nations are told the cross is for navigation purposes. • What was its real purpose?

Erecting the cross at Gaspé

Erecting the cross at Gaspé

FIRST HOSTAGES • First Nations chief did not like the idea of the cross

FIRST HOSTAGES • First Nations chief did not like the idea of the cross being erected. • Went out to Cartier’s ship to protest. • Cartier tricks him. • Captures the chief’s two sons. • Holds them hostage to protect the cross. • Returns to France with hostages.

CARTIER IN FRANCE • 1 st Voyage had poor results. • (two Indian captives)

CARTIER IN FRANCE • 1 st Voyage had poor results. • (two Indian captives) • Cartier was promoted to Pilot-General. • King Francis 1 focused on the strong tides at Anticosti Island. (route through the continent? ) • Captives talk about the Kingdom of Saguenay. A GOLD CITY!!! Why?

VASCO BALBOA • Crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513. • How wide WAS

VASCO BALBOA • Crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513. • How wide WAS the New World?

THE SECOND VOYAGE 1535 • Given 3 ships. La Grande Hermine (120 Tons), Le

THE SECOND VOYAGE 1535 • Given 3 ships. La Grande Hermine (120 Tons), Le Courlieu (60), L’Emerillion (40) • 18 months of provisions. • 112 crew, 2 First Nation hostages. • May 18, 1535 set sail. • 55 days passage.

St. Lawrence • Names a bay in the Jacques Cartier Passage after St. Lawrence.

St. Lawrence • Names a bay in the Jacques Cartier Passage after St. Lawrence. (a deacon of Rome / Protector of the poor / martyred by fire) • Gerhardus Mercator places the name to stand for the WHOLE river in 1569. The mistake stays forever.

THE SECOND VOYAGE • Captives still tell of the “Kingdom of Saguenay” • Captives

THE SECOND VOYAGE • Captives still tell of the “Kingdom of Saguenay” • Captives say that the “river turns sweet” at Kanata. This is disappointing. WHY? • Sails to Kebec. (Where the water narrows)

CARTIER’S MAP

CARTIER’S MAP

STADACONA

STADACONA

MEETING DONACONNA

MEETING DONACONNA

DONNACONA • Cartier meets Chief Donnacona at Kebec. • Cartier present him with gifts.

DONNACONA • Cartier meets Chief Donnacona at Kebec. • Cartier present him with gifts. • Donnacona talks with the captives. What information might Donnacona have learned? • Cartier decides to winter in STADACONA.

HONEYMOON ENDS • Cartier wants to explore upriver • Cartier wants the captives to

HONEYMOON ENDS • Cartier wants to explore upriver • Cartier wants the captives to guide him. • Donnacona doesn’t want the French to befriend another tribe. • Despite this, Cartier travels upstream

HOCHELAGA

HOCHELAGA

HOCHELAGA • Saturday October 2, 1535 Cartier arrives in Hochelaga. • The crippled chief

HOCHELAGA • Saturday October 2, 1535 Cartier arrives in Hochelaga. • The crippled chief wanted Cartier to touch him. The sick are brought for Cartier to touch. • Cartier climbs an extinct volcano behind the village. He named it Mont Royal. • When he leaves, natives carry him to his longboat. Cartier returns to Stadacona.

WINTER IN STADACONA • Donnacona not friendly. • Cartier’s men construct a fort. (Drawbridge,

WINTER IN STADACONA • Donnacona not friendly. • Cartier’s men construct a fort. (Drawbridge, moat). • St. Lawrence freezes to 3 meters thick. • Cider freezes. Scurvy strikes about Christmas. 3 of the 110 are in good health. 25 died. • Dead are hidden in snow banks. Why? • Those who are too sick are ordered to make noise.

SCURVY

SCURVY

SCURVY CURED • Donnacona’s people are suffering from scurvy but have a cure. •

SCURVY CURED • Donnacona’s people are suffering from scurvy but have a cure. • An interpreter explained to Cartier how to cure it. • White cedar or birch bark broth.

SPRING AND HOME • Cartier was told that Donnacona was off deer hunting. Cartier

SPRING AND HOME • Cartier was told that Donnacona was off deer hunting. Cartier believed he was off building an army to attack. • Donnacona returned with many new braves. • Donnacona was worried about being kidnapped by Cartier. He will only talk to Cartier across a river. • Cartier explains that the king forebade the further taking of hostages.

DONNACONA WINS A TRIP • On hearing the king’s news, Donnacona crossed the river

DONNACONA WINS A TRIP • On hearing the king’s news, Donnacona crossed the river and Cartier captured him along with the original captives. • Stadacona villagers howled all night. • Cartier claimed that Donnacona would be gone only one year. • The Stadacona villagers presented Cartier with 24 strings of WAMPUM. (Their most treasured possession. )

 • Of the ten captives aboard only a little girl would ever see

• Of the ten captives aboard only a little girl would ever see Canada again. . .

Jean Francois de la Roque, Sieur de Roberval • The forgotten man in history.

Jean Francois de la Roque, Sieur de Roberval • The forgotten man in history. . .

 • Roberval was chosen by Francis 1 to establish the first organized settlement

• Roberval was chosen by Francis 1 to establish the first organized settlement in Canada. • Was the most nobly born of all Canadian adventurers. • He was a soldier, courtier, landowner, corsair and engineer. • Cartier was to be only a guide and shipmaster under Roberval.

 • King Francis agreed to a ten year truce with Spain. • In

• King Francis agreed to a ten year truce with Spain. • In order to get the pope’s approval for his Canadian colony, Francis said that he would spread Catholicism to the new world. . .

CONTRADICTIONS: • He chose a protestant viceroy. • No priests on voyage. • Settlers

CONTRADICTIONS: • He chose a protestant viceroy. • No priests on voyage. • Settlers from prisons. • King was to receive 1/3 of the profits. • Roberval could take any prisoner under threat of death. (except counterfeiters, heretics and traitors)

 • This was to be a five ship expedition. • Spain announced that

• This was to be a five ship expedition. • Spain announced that if Roberval’s fleet ventured into disputed waters, Spain would “ throw all men into the sea without sparing a single person. ” • Privately, both Spain and Portugal did not consider Canada to be worth the gun powder needed to capture it. • “Ca nada” (Nothing there…)

GET GOING! • Because of Spain’s announcement, Francis ordered the fleet to sail (April

GET GOING! • Because of Spain’s announcement, Francis ordered the fleet to sail (April 15, 1541) • Cannons and powder had not arrived. • Roberval stayed behind to handle the sale of his property. • Cartier sailed with the power “to govern all things as if Roberval had been there in person. ”

ROBERVAL THE PRIVATEER • Roberval turned privateer to pay for the expedition. • He

ROBERVAL THE PRIVATEER • Roberval turned privateer to pay for the expedition. • He attacked British ships in the English Channel. • When the English ambassador complain to Francis 1, Francis 1 promised to punish Roberval. Francis 1 did nothing. . .

HE’S BACK. . . • The crossing took three months. • They ran out

HE’S BACK. . . • The crossing took three months. • They ran out of water. Cattle were given cider. • Five years after leaving Stadacona, Cartier was back. • Cartier informed Agona, the new chief of Stadacona that Donnacona had died in Europe. Agona was delighted! WHY? Cartier said that the other captives had refused to return. (They too were dead)

CAP ROUGE • Cartier travelled up river nine miles to build his fort at

CAP ROUGE • Cartier travelled up river nine miles to build his fort at the mouth of the Cap Rouge River. • 2 forts overlooking one another.

RICH!!!!! • Cartier found diamonds! The crew filled barrels with them! • Cartier found

RICH!!!!! • Cartier found diamonds! The crew filled barrels with them! • Cartier found GOLD! The crew filled barrels with them. • Cartier had struck it rich! • He would be as rich as Roberval. . .

BACK TO HOCHELAGA • Cartier returned to Hochelaga but the village was gone. •

BACK TO HOCHELAGA • Cartier returned to Hochelaga but the village was gone. • Tutonaguy had replaced it. • 2 French children were given to the people of Tutonaguy to learn the Iroquois language.

WINTER 1541 -1542 • Indians very hostile at Cap Rouge. • 2 French were

WINTER 1541 -1542 • Indians very hostile at Cap Rouge. • 2 French were thrown off a cliff. • 35 Frenchmen had been killed. • Cartier didn’t need the job. He was rich. • In spring Cartier abandoned Cap Rouge. • Cartier met Roberval, who had just arrived in Newfoundland. Cartier was ordered to return to Cap Rouge. He didn’t. MUTINY!

ROBERVAL IN CHARGE • Roberval travelled to Cap Rouge. It was gone. • It

ROBERVAL IN CHARGE • Roberval travelled to Cap Rouge. It was gone. • It was rebuilt and called France Roi. • Cartier had not passed on the cure to scurvy. Fifty colonists died that winter. • 1543 Roberval returned to France ruined.

CARTIER’S RICHES! • When Cartier returned to France he tried to sell his gold

CARTIER’S RICHES! • When Cartier returned to France he tried to sell his gold and diamonds. • His diamonds were quartz. • His gold was iron pyrite - fool’s gold. • Cartier died of the plague on Wednesday, September 1, 1557. • Canada slipped back into solitude.

FRENCH ATTITUDE TOWARDS CANADA • Montaigne: “We grasp at everything and catch nothing but

FRENCH ATTITUDE TOWARDS CANADA • Montaigne: “We grasp at everything and catch nothing but air. ”

THE END

THE END