Cartage Humanpowered and Motorised Emptying and Transport Beat

Cartage Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport Beat Stauffer, international seecon gmbh Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. Copyright & Disclaimer Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source! Copyright Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the opensource concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations. To view an official copy of the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3. 0 Unported License we build upon, visit http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by/3. 0. This agreement officially states that: You are free to: • Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document • Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this document. Under the following conditions: • Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using. Disclaimer The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations. Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided. Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. Contents 1. Concept 2. How it can Optimise SSWM 3. Human Powered Emptying and Transport Ø Ø Design Principles Health Aspects, O&M and Costs Applicability Pros and Cons 4. Motorised Emptying and Transport Ø Ø Ø Design Principles Costs Operation and Maintenance Health Aspects Applicability Pros and Cons 5. References Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 3

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 1. Concept What is Emptying? There is not always a sewer system installed, so what happens with faecal sludge from pit latrines or septic tanks? ? Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 4

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 1. Concept What is Emptying? It is emptied manually or motorised. Later, faecal sludge must be discharged and treated correctly. Proper discharge, e. g. Transfer station, sewer station or into a sludge treatment facility. Source: EAWAG/SANDEC (2008) Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 5

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 2. How it can optimise SSWM Close the Nutrient Cycle and Assure Human Health It protects the labours, prevents overflowing and spreading of pathogens and enables reusing sludge as a nutrient source after it is treated. Source: Su. San. A on Flickr (2010) Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport Source: Su. San. A on Flickr (2011) 6

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 2. How it can optimise SSWM Close the Nutrient Cycle and Assure Human Health Faecal sludge does not have to be touched Source: HUMBOLDT EDU (2008) It protects the labours, prevents overflowing and spreading of pathogens and enables reusing sludge as a nutrient source after it is treated. Direct use as a soil amendment for food production Discharged and treated, e. g. in a drying bed. Source: ERIKSEN-HAMEL & DANSO (2008) Source: Ia. W (2007) Food consumption Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 7

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 3. Human Powered Emptying and Transport Design Principles Source: EUTROPHICATION & HYPOXIA on Flickr (2010) Human powered emptying can be done via three main ways: Source: Ia. W (2007) 1. Using a bucket and shovels. 1. Using a special designed hand pump (e. g. poo pump or gulper). 1. Using a portable, manually operated pump (MAPET) Source: EAWAG/SANDEC (2008) Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 8

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 3. Human Powered Emptying and Transport Design Principles – Bucket and Shovel Try to avoid it if it is possible, because there are many risks: • • • Risk of collapsing pits Toxic fumes Direct contact with untreated sludge High risk of diseases and contamination of the environment! Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport Emptying of a wastewater pit. Source: EAWAG/SANDEC (2008) 9

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 3. Human Powered Emptying and Transport Design Principles – Pee Poo and Gulper • • (TILLEY et al. 2008) Effective solution to empty pits, septic tanks, etc. Similar to a water pump; the handle is pumped, the liquid sludge rises up through the bottom of the pump and is forced out of a tap (sludge spout). Can easily be made out of local material (steel rods, PVC-pipes) Removed sludge can be pumped into barrels, bags or carts. The worker push and pulls the handle and the sludge is pumped out of the pit. From left to right: valve, protection strainer, labours at work. Source: Ia. W (2007) Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 10

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 3. Human Powered Emptying and Transport Design Principles – Manual Pit Emptying Technology (MAPET) (TILLEY et al. 2008; EAWAG/SANDEC 2008) A hand pump connected to a wheeled vacuum tank (three-man team). The hand pump sucks out air of the tank -> sludge is sucked out of the pit. Sludge viscosity may be improved if it is diluted with water. The MAPET is able to reach a depth of 3 metres. MAPET equipment in Congo consisting of a hand-pump connected to a vacuum tank mounted on a pushcart. Source: EAWAG/SANDEC (2008) Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 11

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 3. Human Powered Emptying and Transport Health Aspects, O&M and Costs • • • Don’t forget: you work with fresh, untreated excreta Even if less hazardous systems are emptied (UDDT, compost toilet, compost filters, etc. ), protective equipment should be worn: working gloves, mask, protection goggles Equipment must be cleaned with soap as well as hands. Metallic parts should be oiled regularly. Capital costs are low and it can be constructed/repaired locally. Equipped with a pair of working gloves and a mask: emptying the bucket of a UDDT. Source: STAUFFER (2009) Wearing protective clothes to clean pump equipment with soap. Source: OXFAM (n. y) Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 12

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 3. Human Powered Emptying and Transport Applicability • For areas that are not served by vacuum trucks. • Where vacuum- truck emptying is too costly. • Where narrow streets and poor roads may limit the ability of a vacuum truck to access the site. • The bucket or shovel method is only appropriate for the emptying of solid products with relatively low health risk (e. g. Compost toilet). Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 13

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 3. Human Powered Emptying and Transport Pros and Cons Advantages: • Potential for local job and income generation • Provides service to unsewered areas/communities • Can access small streets • Depends less on homogeneity of sludge • Not dependent on large infrastructure • Can be built and repaired with locally available materials • Low to moderate capital; variable operating costs depending on discharge point Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport Disadvantages: • Depends on willingness to pay for regular removal of excreta • The distance to a suitable sludge discharge point is a limiting factor • Only appropriate for small haul distances and small volumes • Spills may happen • Time consuming • Solid waste etc. may be mixed to the sludge • MAPET requires some specialised repair (welding) and has relatively high capital and O&M costs compared to gulpers 14

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 4. Motorised Emptying and Transport Design Principles • • (BRIKKE & BREDERO 2003; TILLEY et al. 2008) All vacuum tanker systems use a pump, a tank and a suction hose. Compacted sludge needs to be broken up before it is pumped out Some tankers are equipped with high powered (an air stream in the hose acts as a transport medium for the sludge -> air drag. technique). Tanks are emptied by tipping or pressure discharge. Schematic draft of a vacuum tank which is emptying a septic tank. Source: TILLEY et al. (2008) Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 15

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 4. Motorised Emptying and Transport Design Principles – Vacuum Truck • • • Service and its O&M are usually organised and executed by a professional organisation. User fees for the service are usually set officially (by the government or the organisation). Often ineffective management and supervision and not enough tankers -> poor service. Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport (BRIKKE & BREDERO 2003) Vacuum truck emptying a pit in Bharakpur near Calcutta. Source: EAWAG/SANDEC (2008) 16

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 4. Motorised Emptying and Transport Design Principles – Vacutuc • • • (UN-HABITAT n. y. ; TILLEY et al. 2008) A small-scaled motorised alternative to trucks. Designed for areas where big trucks can not enter. 0. 5 m 3 steel vacuum tank, vacuum pump, gasoline engine. The vehicle has a speed of 5 km/h (level ground) Emptied by gravity or pressure Vacutug mini-tanker manufactured in Bangladesh. Source: EAWAG/SANDEC (2008) Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 17

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 4. Motorised Emptying and Transport Design Principles – Small and Large Equipment • • • (STRAUSS et al. 2002) A large collection tank is placed outside of a community. Empty latrines, septic tanks, etc. with a mini-tuc. Nearly 100 % of the houses can be covered, mini-tuc empties slidge into the collection tank which is transported by a truck. Mini vacuum tug (350 L) for narrow lanes, used together with a intermediate storage tank placed in the nearest accessible road. Source: STRAUSS et al. (2002) Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 18

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 4. Motorised Emptying and Transport Cost • • • (BRIKKE & BREDERO 2003; TILLEY et al. 2008) Trucks are expensive: capital costs, maintenance and spare parts (e. g. tires). New trucks are hardly affordable, but old trucks can be equipped with tanks and vacuum pumps. Vacutuc or mini-tucs are more economical. Operation and Maintenance • • • Daily checks: pump (mechanical parts, oil, engine), truck (fuel, engine), are all necessary materials complete, etc. Daily after work: drain the sludge and oil separators. Weekly checks: Truck (tires, oil, lights), tank valves gaskets, leaks in the hydraulic system Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 19

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 4. Motorised Emptying and Transport Health Aspects • • (TILLEY et al. 2008; KONE et al. 2007) Reduces risk of latrine, septic tank, etc. overflowing It is less hazardous for workers because they do not have to touch the sludge. It is important that sludge is dumped correctly to avoid a contamination. One vacuum truck dumping sludge indiscriminately is equivalent to the open defecation of 5000 people. Tank truck dumps raw sewage sludge in Haiti. Source: SOIL (2010) Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 20

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 4. Motorised Emptying and Transport Applicability • • Vacuum Trucks: Urban and or peri-urban areas with roads (trucks) or reasonable access (mini tankers) Vacutugs and mini-tug: unplanned peri-urban areas and narrow refugee camps. Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 21

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 4. Motorised Emptying and Transport Pros and Cons Advantages: • Fast, and generally efficient • Potential for local job creation and income generation • Provides essential service to unsewered areas • Smaller health risks than with human-powered systems Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport Disadvantages: • Cannot pump thick dried sludge (must be manually removed or thinned with water) • Garbage in pits may block hose • Very costs • Pumps can usually only suck down to a depth of 2 to 3 m and the pump must be located within 30 m of the pit • May have difficulties with access in small streets • Improper discharge of the collected sludge could generate public health and environmental problems 22

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 8. References BRIKKE, F. ; BREDERO, M. (2003): Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation. A reference Document for Planners and Project Staff. Geneva: World Health Organization and IRC Water and Sanitation Centre. URL: http: //www. who. int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/wsh 9241562153/en/ [Accessed: 30. 03. 2010]. EAWAG (Editor); SANDEC (Editor) (2008): Fecal Sludge Management. Presentation. Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC). URL: http: //www. susana. org/images/documents/07 -cap-dev/c-training-uni-courses/available-training-courses/sandectool/05_fsm/index_05. htm [Accessed: 18. 02. 2011] EAWAG/SANDEC (Editor) (2008): Faecal Sludge Management. Lecture Notes. Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC). URL: http: //www. susana. org/images/documents/07 -cap-dev/c-training-uni-courses/available-training-courses/sandectool/05_fsm/index_05. htm [Accessed: 23. 05. 2012] ERIKSEN-HAMEL, N. S. ; DANSO, G. (2008): Urban Compost: A Socio-economic and Agronomic Evaluation in Kumasi, Ghana. In: REDWOOD, M. (Editor) (2008): Agriculture in Urban Planning: Generating Livelihoods and Food Security. URL: http: //www. idrc. ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/default. aspx [Accessed: 23. 06. 2010]. HUMBOLDT EDU (Editor) (2008): Arcata's Wastewater Treatment Plant & The Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary. Arcata: Environmental Resources Engineering, Humboldt State University. URL: http: //humboldt. edu/arcatamarsh/compost. html [Accessed: 22. 05. 2012] Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 23

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 8. References Ia. W (Editor) (2010): The Gulper – a manual latrine/drain pit pump. Phnom Penh/Casteren: Ideas at Work (Ia. W). URL: http: //www. ideas-at-work. org/pdf/Gulper_pit_emptying_device. pdf [Accessed: 13. 12. 2010] OXFAM (Editor) (n. y. ): Manual Desludging Hand Pump (MDHP). Various places: Oxfam International. URL: http: //desludging. org/1. %20 Manual%20 of%20 MDHP/MDHP_manual_English_Version. pdf [Accessed: 09. 12. 2010]. SOIL (Editor) (2010): Sanitation Efforts Target Sea of Sewage in Haiti. AOL News. Sherburne: Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (SOIL). URL: http: //www. oursoil. org/aol-news-sanitation-efforts-target-sea-of-sewage-in-haiti/ [Accessed: 23. 05. 2012] STRAUSS, M. ; MONTANGERO, A. (2002): FS Management – Review of Practices, Problems and Initiatives. London and Duebendorf: DFID Project R 8056, Capacity Building for Effective Decentralised Wastewater Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC). URL: http: //www. eawag. ch/forschung/sandec/publikationen/ewm/dl/FS_management_GHK. pdf [Accessed: 19. 04. 2010]. TILLEY, E. ; LUETHY, C. ; MOREL, A. ; ZURBRUEGG, C. ; SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2008): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Duebendorf and Geneva: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG). URL: http: //www. eawag. ch/forschung/sandec/publikationen/index [Accessed: 15. 02. 2010]. UN-HABITAT (Editor) (n. y. ): Sanitation – Vacutug. URL: http: //www. un-habitat. org/categories. asp? catid=548 [Accessed: 04. 01. 2011] Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 24

“Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture” SSWM is an initiative supported by: Created by: Cartage: Human-powered and Motorised Emptying and Transport 25