CARGO SAFETY Loading and unloading of cargo health

CARGO SAFETY Loading and unloading of cargo, health and safety, training and quality assurance, allowable and forbidden dangerous goods cargo

Air Passenger Transport • Pricing • • • By passenger By seat class By route Time of flight Time of booking • Scheduled services • Fixed time on fixed routes • Low Cost Operators • Fixed time on fixed routes, offering lower fares • Chartered services • Travel companies sometimes charter aircraft during specific periods of the year for use on specific routes

Passengers versus Cargo • Self loading • Less handling equipment required to load and unload passengers • Require feeding • Food and beverages need to be taken on board • A complex logistical process • Suitable hygiene precautions need to be observed • Require entertainment • Expensive to install and maintain • Reduces payload due to added weight

Passengers versus Cargo • Require room to move • Uses additional space • Require washroom facilities • Uses additional space and requires servicing • Usually have luggage • Security and identification issues • Require instructions from staff regarding emergency procedures • Staff require training • Adequate emergency exits need to be in place • Emergency equipment required

Passengers versus Cargo • May require medical support • Staff require training • Sensitive to temperature fluctuations • Appropriate temperature control systems required

UNIT LOAD DEVICES (IATA 1994) PG 301 • Freight was originally carried loosely loaded in the cargo holds of passenger aircraft and in small all-cargo aircrafts in bulk freight form. • The introduction of large all-freight aircraft such as the DC 8 and the B 707 meant very long ground turnaround times due to the lengthy loading and unloading times involved with bulk cargo. Hence, pallets were introduced 6

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UNIT LOAD DEVICES (IATA 1994) • One of the forms ULD comes in is known as pallets. Pallets in combination with suitably designed aircraft floors and loading equipment, permitted rapid loading and unloading times. • However pallets must be carefully contoured to prevent damage to aircraft interiors, where aircraft are also used for passengers. • Goods on pallets are themselves vulnerable to damage and also possibly inadequately protected from the weather while on the apron. • Igloos, which are non structural shells or covers to the pallets, were introduced to overcome these drawbacks. Even with a cover, pallet is a reasonably unstable device and might shift during the handling process. 8

UNIT LOAD DEVICES (IATA 1994) • A more substantial structural unit, the ULD air freight container, gives considerably more support to the cargo during the handling and carriage stages, but the device still must be lifted from below, unlike the intermodal container. • With the introduction of wide-bodied aircraft, belly containers also were available in shapes that cannot be built from pallets. 9

UNIT LOAD DEVICES • IATA recognizes a set of standard ULDs in the form of dimensional pallets, igloos, ULD containers (IATA 2010) • The ULD’s are each compatible with a number of different aircraft types and generally also compatible with the terminal, apron and the loading equipment. • Maximum space efficiency is achieved by use of the aircrafts optimum ULDs throughout 10

Dangerous goods

Definition of Dangerous Goods Dangerous goods are articles or substances which are capable of posing a risk to health, safety, property or the environment. There are many examples of dangerous goods in our every day lives, such as: • Gasoline • Bleach • Aerosols • Lithium batteries

Legal Basis The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Technical Instructions provide the legal basis under which dangerous goods can be transported safely by air at a level of safety necessary to ensure that the aircraft and its occupants are not placed at any additional risk. • Airlines use the IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) as the everyday field document on transporting dangerous goods. The DGR complies fully with the ICAO Technical Instructions. • IATA has included additional requirements which are more restrictive than the ICAO Technical Instructions, and reflect industry standard practices or operational considerations.

Dangerous Goods – General Philosophy The general philosophy behind the safe transport of dangerous goods by air includes several principles and procedures. 1. Correct classification of dangerous goods 2. Ensuring that prohibited items are not shipped by air unless exempted 3. Ensuring that the packaging meets the prescribed specifications and that the limitations on the net quantity per package are followed 4. All staff have regular, mandated job-specific training 5. The proper declaration of dangerous goods

Dangerous Goods – General Philosophy 6. The pilot in command is advised of the location of dangerous goods aboard the aircraft 7. All staff check for hidden hazards 8. Proper marking and labelling 9. Accident/Incident reporting 10. Human Factors should be considered in all aspects of dangerous goods transportation. The objective is to ensure the safe transport of dangerous goods

Classification • Dangerous goods are classified according to criteria determined by the United Nations Subcommittee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. • This classification determines the acceptability of the articles and substances for air transport, as well as the conditions for their transport. • It is the responsibility of the shipper to determine whether articles or substances are dangerous goods and to determine the correct Class and Division of the dangerous goods.

Prohibitions • Some dangerous goods have been identified as being too dangerous to be transported by aircraft under any circumstances. • Others are forbidden under normal circumstances, but may be transported with specific approvals. • Most dangerous goods can be safely carried on passenger aircraft provided certain requirements are met. Some, however, are restricted to carriage on all-cargo aircraft

Packaging Proper packaging of dangerous goods is essential for the safe transport of dangerous goods by air. The IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations provide packaging instructions for all dangerous goods acceptable for air transport The quantity of dangerous goods permitted is strictly limited to minimize the risk should an incident occur.

Marking and Labelling • The packages need to have all the required marks and labels, displayed properly as applicable. • This is necessary to ensure hazards can be recognized without relying on accompanying documentation.

Notification to the Pilot-in-Command • The pilot-in-command must know what dangerous goods are aboard the aircraft and where they are loaded in order to properly deal with any emergency • If an in-flight emergency occurs, the pilot must, time permitting, convey this information to the appropriate air traffic services unit.

Avoiding Hidden Hazards • Information regarding “Hidden Dangerous Goods” must be conveyed to passengers, crew and shippers to help them recognize dangerous goods. • They must also be aware of which dangerous goods they are not permitted to carry on their person, in their baggage or as cargo.

Acceptable Dangerous Goods • A large number of dangerous goods may be carried on aircraft as cargo provided they are properly prepared for transport in accordance with the Regulations. • The List of Dangerous Goods itemises the most commonly shipped dangerous goods by name, and indicates the maximum quantity of such goods permitted per package on Passenger and/or Cargo Aircraft. • Dangerous goods that are restricted to all cargo aircraft are either in large quantities or are forbidden on passenger aircraft. • Generally, dangerous goods are not permitted in passenger or crew checked baggage or as carry-on articles. • A dangerous goods article or substance forbidden in baggage may be acceptable as cargo, provided it is prepared in compliance with all the provisions of the Regulations.

Dangerous Goods Forbidden for Air Transport Some dangerous goods are considered to be too hazardous for transport by air under any circumstances. Substances that are forbidden for air transport under any circumstances are those that under conditions normally encountered in transport: • Are liable to explode • React dangerously • Produce a flame or dangerous evolution of heat • Emit toxic, corrosive or flammable gases or vapours • Dangerous Goods Forbidden for Air Transport

Examples of Forbidden Dangerous Goods Examples of dangerous goods that are forbidden for air transport are: • Aerosols containing toxic gas • TNT • Bombs • Liquid oxygen Since it is impossible to list every dangerous good that is forbidden for air transport, it is essential that appropriate care be taken to ensure that forbidden dangerous goods are not transported.

Dangerous Goods Forbidden Unless Exempted In exceptional circumstances, goods that are generally considered too dangerous and are normally forbidden for air transport may be granted an exemption. • Radioactive material that meet certain conditions. • Articles and substances which are identified in the List of Dangerous Goods as being forbidden. • Infected live animals • Liquids with a vapour inhalation toxicity which requires Packing Group I packaging. Packing Group I represents a high danger. • Liquids of temperature > 100 C; Solids with temperature > 240 C • Other articles specified by National Authority

Hidden Dangerous Goods Not all dangerous goods are easily identified. Cargo declared under a general description may contain hazardous materials that are not apparent. Operators’ acceptance staff must be adequately trained to identify and detect dangerous goods that are presented as general cargo. Cargo and passenger acceptance staff should inquire about the contents of any cargo or baggage item that they suspect may contain dangerous goods. Remember that shippers may not be aware that their items are considered dangerous and are therefore regulated, therefore confirmation should be sought from a shipper about the contents of any package where there are suspicions that it may contain dangerous goods.

Examples of Hidden Dangerous Goods There are many examples of items which may contain or indicate the presence of dangerous goods. There may be consumer labels or markings indicating certain dangers, or old labels that give false information. The following are examples of general descriptions that may contain hidden hazards that are not apparent: • Camping equipment • Electrically powered apparatus, such as wheelchairs, lawnmowers, etc. • Frozen fruit, vegetables (often packaged with carbon dioxide, solid (dry ice)). • Household goods, such as adhesives, aerosols, bleach, etc.

Dangerous Goods Permitted as Air Cargo In cases of extreme urgency, or when other forms of transport are inappropriate, exemptions and approvals can be used for the transport of dangerous goods which are normally forbidden for transport on passenger or cargo aircraft. Acceptance of dangerous goods offered under State (country) exemption is at the discretion of the operator.

Training • Training is an essential element in maintaining a safe regulatory regime. • It is necessary for all individuals involved in the preparation or transport of dangerous goods to be properly trained to carry out their responsibilities. Recurrent training must be provided within 24 months of previous training to ensure knowledge is current.

Training Requirements Training is essential to maintain a safe regulatory regime. • All individuals involved in the preparation or transport of dangerous goods must be properly trained to carry out their responsibilities. • This can only be achieved by initial and recurrent training programs for all individuals involved in the transport of dangerous goods. Recurrent training must be provided within 24 months of the initial or previous recurrent training to ensure knowledge is current. • However, if recurrent training is completed within the final three months of validity of previous training, the period of validity extends from the month on which the recurrent training was completed until 24 months from the month of that previous training. • The training required by each category of personnel is detailed in the Regulations.

Three Elements of Training (FOR BOTH PAX AND CARGO SAFETY ) There are three elements to dangerous goods training: • General Familiarization Training: provides familiarity with the general provisions. • Function or Job-specific Training: provides detailed training in the requirements applicable to the job for which that person is responsible. • Safety Training: covers the hazards presented by Dangerous Goods, safe handling and emergency response procedures.

Record of Training A record of training must be maintained, and must include: • The individual’s name • The most recent training completion date • A description, copy or reference to training materials used to meet the training requirement • The name and address of the organisation providing the training • Confirmation of successful completion of the test following training to verify understanding of the Regulations