Care of Blood Diseases and Disorders Unit 3

Care of Blood Diseases and Disorders Unit 3 Med-Surg 2 1

Blood Diseases and Disorders • Know those terms! • A&P • Structure • Plasma-clear, contains no cells • Formed elements • Erythrocytes • Leukocytes • Platelets Med-Surg 2 2

Blood Diseases and Disorders • Blood fractions or components-component parts which may be transfused • Blood plasma-for clotting disorders • Platelets-for platelet counts below 20, 000/mm • Globulins/immunoglobulins-serum proteins, treat infectious disease • Albumin-maintainance of osmotic pressure • Fibrinogen-essential clotting factor • Cryoprecipitate-from FFP, contains fibriniogen and antihemophilic factor • Packed RBC’s-cells without plasma • Body fluids and electrolytes Med-Surg 2 3

Blood Diseases and Disorders • Blood transfusions • To increase blood volume after hemorrhage • To assist with hemostasis • To preserve oxygen carrying capacity • One unit of blood=500 cc • One unit of PRBC’s =300 cc Med-Surg 2 4

Blood Diseases and Disorders • Different blood components • Whole blood-fresh or stored for up to 21 days. Used for hemorrhage. • Packed red blood cells (PRBC’s)-anemia • Plasma-FFP has clotting factors. Stored can be used as a volume expander. • Platelets-clotting problems. • Albumin-volume expansion Med-Surg 2 5

Blood Diseases and Disorders • Guidelines for Administration • Large angiocath • Obtain from lab and check with 2 licensed nurses • Vital Signs immediately before and 15 minutes after initiation • Stay with the patient for 10 -20 minutes or until first 20 -25 cc are infused • Check flow frequently, keep warm • Observe urine for hematuria • Charting • Observe for blood reactions Med-Surg 2 6

Blood Diseases and Disorders • Types of Blood Reactions • • Hemolytic-blood group incompatibility Anaphylactic-S and SX of allergic reaction Febrile (pyogenic)-bacterial contamination Circulatory Overload-more often in children and the elderly • Other Med-Surg 2 7

Blood Diseases and Disorders • WHAT SHOULD I DO FOR A REACTION? ! • Stop blood immediately and keep IV open with the normal saline • Call for help and notify charge RN • Notify the physician • Save blood bag and send to lab • Follow Dr. orders • Fill out blood transfusion reaction form • Chart! Med-Surg 2 8

Blood Diseases and Disorders • Classified according to etiology • RBC disorders • WBC disorders • Hemorrhagic disorders Med-Surg 2 9

Blood Diseases and Disorders • RBC (erythrocyte) Disorders • Anemia-a symptom of decreased RBC’s • Types • Hemorrhagic Anemia (acute and chronic) anemia due to blood loss • Iron Deficiency Anemia (hypochromic)-most common • Pernicious Anemia-vitamin B 12 deficiency Med-Surg 2 10

Blood Diseases and Disorders • RBC (erythrocyte) Disorders • Anemia-a symptom of decreased RBC’s • Types • Sickle cell Anemia-hereditary defect, caused by abnormal hemoglobin • Aplastic Anemia-life threatening, cells not produced • Polycythemia-chronic, rapid production of RBC’s in the marrow Med-Surg 2 11

Blood Diseases and Disorders • WBC (leukocyte) Disorders • Types • Leukocytosis-increased number of WBC’s • Leukopenia-decreased number of WBC’s • Infectious Mononucleosis-infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus Med-Surg 2 12

Blood Diseases and Disorders • WBC (leukocyte) Disorders • Leukemia (acute or chronic) a fatal and malignant disease of the bone marrow with proliferation of immature WBC’s • Acute Lymphocytic (lymphoblastic) Leukemia (ALL) most common in children, originates from lymphocytes • Acute Nonlymphocytic (nonlymphoblastic) Leukemia (ANLL) or Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) most often in adults, originates from granulocytes Med-Surg 2 13

Blood Diseases and Disorders • WBC (leukocyte) Disorders • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) usually affects adults over 45 and originates from the lymphocytes • Chronic Myelocytic or Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) usually affects adults over 45 and originates from the granulocytes Med-Surg 2 14

Blood Diseases and Disorders • WBC (leukocyte) Disorders • Types • Agranulocytosis-granulocytes are greatly decreased • Hodgkin’s Disease-malignant lymphoma involving the lymph nodes • Non-Hodgkin’s Disease-no Reed-Sternberg cells Med-Surg 2 15

Blood Diseases and Disorders • Hemorrhagic Disorders • Hemophilia-a group of sex linked hereditary bleeding disorders • Classic Hemophilia A-most common type, appears in males, females are carriers • Hemophilia B or Christmas Disease-appears in males, females are carriers • Von. Willebrand’s Disease-appears in males and females Med-Surg 2 16

Blood Diseases and Disorders • Hemorrhagic Disorders • DIC or Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation-an acquired hemorrhagic syndrome • Vascular Purpuras-a disorder of the platelets causing small, spontaneous hemorrhages • Senile Purpura-found in the elderly • Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpuraautoimmune problem • Thrombocytopenic Purpura-failure of platelet production Med-Surg 2 17

Blood Diseases and Disorders • Splenomegaly • Splenectomy • Medications • Iron • Folic Acid Done with unit! Med-Surg 2 18