Cardiovascular Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Anemia a Inadequate
Cardiovascular Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Anemia � a. Inadequate number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, or both � b. Symptoms: pallor or Hemorrhage paleness, fatigue, dyspnea, rapid heart rate � c. Acute blood loss anemia � (1) Caused by hemorrhage or rapid blood loss � (2) Corrected by
a. Iron deficiency anemia: �(1) Caused by inadequate amount of iron to form hemoglobin in erythrocytes � (2) Treatment: iron supplements and increased iron intake from green leafy vegetables and other foods
b. Aplastic Anemia: �(1) Result of injury or destruction of bone marrow � (2) Poor or no formation of erythrocytes � (3) Common causes: chemotherapy, radiation, toxic chemicals, and viruses � (4) Treatment: eliminate the cause, blood transfusions, and bone marrow transplant � (5) Fatal unless damage can be reversed
c. Pernicious Anemia: �(1) Caused by lack of intrinsic factor, which results in poor absorption of vitamin B � (2) Results in formation of inadequate and abnormally large erythrocytes � (3) Treatment: replacing intrinsic factor and administering B injections
d. Sickle Cell Anemia: (1) Chronic inherited anemia (2) Results in production of abnormal crescentshaped erythrocytes that carry less oxygen, break easily, and block blood vessels � (3) Occurs almost exclusively among blacks � (4) Treatment: transfusions of packed cells and supportive therapy during a crisis � (5) Genetic counseling can lead to prevention if carriers make informed decisions about conception of children � �
Aneurysm a. Ballooning out or saclike formation on wall of artery � b. Causes: disease, congenital defects, injuries leading to a weakening of structure of wall of artery � c. Symptoms: some cause pain and pressure, some have no symptoms � d. Common sites are cerebral, aortal, and abdominal � e. If aneurysm ruptures hemorrhage occurs, which can cause death � f. Treatment: surgical removal of damaged area and replacement with a plastic graft or another blood vessel �
Aneurysms continued… Abdominal aneurysm
Arteriosclerosis � a. Hardening or thickening of walls of arteries � b. Causes loss of elasticity and contractility � c. Commonly occurs as result of aging � d. Causes hypertension and can lead to aneurysm or cerebral hemorrhage
Atherosclerosis � a. Fatty plaques, frequently cholesterol, deposited on walls of arteries � b. Causes narrowing of opening, which reduces or eliminates the flow of blood � c. If plaques break loose, they can circulate through the blood stream as emboli
Atherosclerosis continued… � d. Treatment: low-cholesterol diet, medications to lower cholesterol blood levels, and exercise �e. Surgeries to open clogged arteries � (1) Balloon angioplasty Stents � (2) Coronary atherectomy � (3) Coronary stent � (4) Bypass surgery when arteries are completely blocked Balloon angioplasty
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) a. Heart muscles do not beat adequately to supply blood needs of the body � b. May involve either right or left side of heart � c. Symptoms: edema, dyspnea, pallor or cyanosis, distention of neck veins, weak and rapid pulse, cough with pink frothy sputum � d. Treatment � (1) Cardiac drugs and diuretics to remove fluid � (2) Elastic support hose to improve circulation � (3) Oxygen therapy and bedrest � (4) Low sodium diet �
Embolus �a. Foreign substance circulating in blood stream � b. Can be air, blood clot, bacterial clumps, fat globule � c. Blockage of vessel occurs when embolus enters an artery or capillary too small for passage
Hemophilia a. Inherited disease b. Occurs almost exclusively in males but carried by females � c. Blood not able to clot due to lack of plasma protein � (1) Minor cut can lead to prolonged bleeding � (2) Minor bump can cause internal bleeding � d. Treatment � (1) Transfusions of whole blood or plasma � (2) Administration of missing protein factor � �
Hypertension a. High blood pressure (1) Systolic pressure above 140 to 150 mm of mercury � (2) Diastolic pressure above 90 mm of mercury � b. Risk factors that increase incidence � (1) Family history � (2) Race: higher in African Americans � (3) Obesity � (4) Stress � (5) Smoking � (6) Aging: higher in postmenopausal women � (7) Diet high in saturated fat � �
Hypertension continued… �c. Treatment but no cure � (1) Antihypertensive drugs � (2) Diuretics to remove retained body fluids � (3) Decreased stress and avoiding use of tobacco � (4) Low sodium or low-fat diet � d. If not treated, can cause permanent damage to the heart, blood vessels, and
Leukemia a. Malignant disease of bone marrow or lymph tissue � b. Results in large number of Microscopic view of leukemia immature white blood cells � c. Different types of leukemia: some acute, some chronic � d. Symptoms: fever, pallor, swelling of lymphoid tissues, Bleeding gums fatigue, anemia, bleeding gums, excessive bruising, joint pain � e. Treatment Chemo � (1) Varies with type of leukemia patient � (2) Can include chemotherapy, radiation, bone marrow transplants �
Myocardial Infarction or heart attack � a. Blockage in coronary arteries cuts off supply of blood to the heart � b. Affected heart tissue dies and is known as an infarct � c. Death can occur immediately if large area affected � d. Symptoms � (1) Angina pectoris: severe crushing pain that radiates to arm, neck, jaw � (2) Pressure in the chest � (3) Perspiration and cold, clammy skin � (4) Dyspnea � (5) Change in blood pressure
MI continued… CPR �e. Treatment � (1) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation if heart stops � (2) Immediate treatment � aa. Thrombolytic or “clot-busting” drug such as streptokinase or TPA, or tissue plasminogen activator � bb. Restores blood flow to heart � cc. Must be used within first several hours Thrombolytic drugs
MI continued… (3) Additional treatment aa. Complete bed rest bb. Pain medications and anticoagulants � cc. Oxygen therapy � dd. Treatment of arrhythmias � (4) Long-term care � aa. Control of blood pressure � bb. Diet low in cholesterol and saturated fats � cc. Avoidance of tobacco and stress � dd. Regular exercise and � � �
Phlebitis a. Inflammation of vein, frequently in leg Arm & leg phlebitis � b. Thrombophlebitis if thrombus or clot forms � c. Symptoms: pain, edema, redness, discoloration at site � d. Treatment � (1) Anticoagulants and pain medication � (2) Elevation of affected area � (3) Antiembolism or support hose � (4) Surgery at times to Thermal imaging of leg phlebitis remove clot �
Varicose Veins a. Dilated, swollen veins that have lost elasticity and cause a stasis or decreased blood flow � b. Occur frequently in legs � c. Result from pregnancy, prolonged sitting or standing, and hereditary factors � d. Treatment � (1) Exercise and avoiding prolonged sitting or standing � (2) Antiembolism or support hose � (3) Eliminating tight-fitting or restrictive clothing �
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