Cardiovascular Disease Stroke BY LAURA WHEAT Stroke Strokes

Cardiovascular Disease: Stroke BY LAURA WHEAT

Stroke Strokes are an occlusion of blood flow within the brain caused by blood clot, vascular deformity, or a build up of plaque within a vessel. The three most common types of stroke are as follow: TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack) are best known as “mini strokes”. TIA strokes are a warning sign that an ischemic stroke is looming. Ischemic strokes account for 87% of all strokes. Hemorrhagic strokes are referred to as “brain bleeds” due to a ruptured vessel and accounts for 13% of strokes.

Symptoms The primary symptoms one could experience are Facial Drooping Arm Weakness Difficultly speaking Disruption to their cognitive functions If you suspect you or someone around you are having any of these symptoms you must seek medical help immediately and call 911.

Causes Factors that influence a persons susceptibility for a stroke are High Blood Pressure (HBP) High Cholesterol Obesity Smoking Unhealthy Nutrition Diabetes Family Genetics

Recovery, Disability, and Death Early medical intervention increases a person’s rate of survival and lowers their chances of life-long disabilities. Recovery, disability, and death vary by sex, age, and race in the US. In the US, females suffer from the greatest disabilities than males (Benjamin et al. , 2018). African Americans non-Hispanic have a higher disability and death rates versus all of the other races added together (Benjamin et al. , 2018). Strokes “are the second leading cause of death and third leading cause of disability” worldwide (Johnson et al. , 2016).

Stroke Prevalence in the US As of 2017, the stroke prevalence rate was 7. 2 million people over the age of 20 had been diagnosed with a stroke, this is a increase from 2010, stating there were 6. 4 million people who suffered a stroke (Benjamin et al. , 2018). In 2010 and 2018 the Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics update states that there was 610, 000 people who reported having their first attack and 795, 000 reported new or recurrent stroke symptom's (Benjamin et al. , 2018; Lloyd-Jones et al. , 2010).

Prevalence by Gender in the US In the 2018 report from Heart Disease and Stroke update, it suggests that both women and men over the age of 18 have a prevalence rate of 2. 7% (Benjamin et al. ). In 2010 the rate for women was 2. 5%, and men were 2. 7% over the age of 18 (Lloyd-Jones et al. ). Annually 55, 000 more women are diagnosed with a stoke then men, this information was reported in both years, and 58% of females account for the U. S. mortality rate from strokes (Benjamin et al. , 2018; Lloyd-Jones, 2010).

Prevalence by Race in the US

Prevalence by Age in the US

Prevalence by Location in the US Currently, the highest prevalence rate by geographical location in 2018 according to Benjamin et al. the southern state of Alabama had a stroke rate of 4. 3%, and the lowest rate was in the state of Minnesota with a stroke rate of 1. 9%. In the year 2010, there were two states with a high stroke prevalence rate they were Alabama and West Virginia their rates were 4. 2%. Moreover, the state with the lowest prevalence was Colorado at a stroke rate of 1. 8% (Lloyd-Jones et al. ).

Stroke rates in Australia A COMPARISON VIEW TO THE UNITED STATES

Stroke Prevalence in Australia As of 2017, according to No postcode untouched, the stroke prevalence rate was 226 per 100 k people and the death prevalence rate was 51 per 100 k people in the population contributing to 12, 507 deaths (Stroke Foundation, 2017, p. 5). In 2009 375, 759 people self-reported having a stroke and 8, 300 deaths in 2010 (Stroke and its management in Australia, 2010, p. 8). The primary risk factors for Australia are the same as the United States with the top-ranked being high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, smoking, and a sedentary life (Stroke Foundation, 2018, p. 3).

Australia’s Prevalence by Gender After adjusting for age, the death prevalence rate from a stroke is higher for males than females (Stroke and its management in Australia, 2013, p. 8). In 2015, women accounted for 60 percent of deaths in Australia that was a result of a cerebrovascular accident (Trends in cardiovascular deaths, 2017, p. 12). For the year 2010, female deaths from a stroke were 32 per 100 k people attributing to 5, 055 deaths and men were 31 per 100 k people resulting in 3, 249 deaths (Stroke and its management, 2013, p. 14).

Australia’s Prevalence by Race Currently, there is no data on record for the past three years beginning with 2018. The most recent information obtained is from 2009 -2010, declaring that the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders residing on Australia have an incident rate from hospitalizations due to a stroke were “twice as high” as all other Australians (284 vs. 147 per 100 k population) (Stroke and its management, 2013, p. 69 and 70). It is reported in the Stroke and its management in Australia, that the indigenous people have a 1. 6 percent higher rate of death than those who are not Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders (2013, p. 69).

Australia’s Prevalence by Age The current rates reported are from 2015, states the death rate from strokes for males under 85 years old are higher than women and that women over 85 years old are higher than males in this age group (Causes of Death, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017). Stroke death rates have dropped for all ages from 51 deaths per 100 k in 2006 to 35. 7 deaths per 100 k in 2016 (Causes of death, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017).

Australia's Prevalence by Location Strokes were more prevalent in more remote locations compared to cities or even towns. The most current data from 2017 states that stroke incent for non-regional locations were 250 cases per 100 k, and metropolitan locations had 210 cases per 100 k (Stroke Foundation, 2017, p. 7). The Stroke Foundation also reported that in 2017 the death rate from a stroke was 56 cases per 100 k regionally and 47 cases per 100 k for the metropolitan cities (2017, p. 7). Australians who live within the regional areas are “ 19% more likely to suffer from a stroke” then those who live within a metropolitan city (Stroke Foundation, 2017, p. 3). High rates are due to the lack of proper care before, during, and after one suffers a stroke due to fewer hospitals/emergency care clinics in the rural areas.

Interesting Facts in the US An interesting find while researching strokes, was the high mortality rate within the southeastern states in America. In what is described as the “stroke belt” that consists of 8 states ranging from Louisiana to North Carolina. In a crosssectional study, what was found was the highest portion of the subjects who died in these areas lived in a low-income, undereducated, high unemployment, and African American community (Karp et al. , 2016). According to the 2018 statists report by the year 2030 there will be an extra 3. 4 million adults in the U. S. over the age of 18 who will be diagnosed with a stroke for the first time; this is a 20. 5% jump from the year 2012. The most significant race impacted by the increase will be white Hispanic males with a 29% increase (Benjamin et al. , 2018).

Interesting Facts in Australia Since 1979 death rates from a stroke have fallen over 70 percent, this decrease is due to the interventions of medications to help control high blood pressure and high cholesterol (Stroke and its management, 2013, p. 80). Australia’s Stroke Foundation is predicting by the year 2050; there will be one stroke every four minutes with close to 1 million stroke survivors (2017, p. 3).

Reference List Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2013). Stroke and its management in Australia: an update. Cardiovascular Disease, series no. 37. Cat. no. CVD 61. Canberra: AIHW. Benjamin, E. , Virani, S. , Callaway, C. , Chamberlain, A. , Chang, A. , Cheng, S. , … Muntner, P. (2018). Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2018 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 137(12), p. e 67–e 492. Doi: 10. 1161/CIR. 0000000558 Cause of Death, Australia, 2015. (2017). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from http: //www. abs. gov. au/AUSSTATS/abs@. nsf/Lookup/3303. 0 Main+Features 100012015? Open. Document Facts and figures about stroke. (2018). Stroke Foundation. Retrieved from https: //strokefoundation. org. au/About. Stroke/Facts-and-figures-about-stroke Johnson, W. , Onuma, O. , Owolabi, M. , and Sachdev, S. (2016). Stroke: a global response is needed. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 94(9): 634– 634 A. Doi: [10. 2471/BLT. 16. 181636] Lloyd-Jones, D. , Adams, R. , Brown, T. , Carnethon, M. , Dai, S. , De Simone, G. , … Wylie-Rosett, J. (2010). Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2010 update: A report for the American Heart Association. Circulation, 121(7), p. e 46 -e 215. Doi: 10. 1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 109. 192667 No postcode untouched: Stroke in Australia 2017. (2017). Stroke Foundation. Retrieved from file: ///C: /Users/Melessia%20 Wheat/Downloads/NSF 1586_Postcode 2017_web. pdf Trends in cardiovascular deaths. (2017). Australian Government: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved from https: //www. aihw. gov. au/getmedia/2 ba 74 f 7 f-d 812 -4539 -a 006 -ca 39 b 34 d 8120/aihw-21213. pdf