CarbonBased Molecules KEY CONCEPT Carbonbased molecules are the

Carbon-Based Molecules KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

Carbon-Based Molecules Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. – straight chain – branched chain – ring

Carbon-Based Molecules • Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. – Monomers are the individual subunits. – Polymers are made of many monomers.

Carbon-Based Molecules Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Carbon-Based Molecules Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. – Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. – Monosaccharides are simple sugars. – Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

Carbon-Based Molecules • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) monomer Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure

Carbon-Based Molecules Some Basic Functions • Energy source for all animals and plants • Energy storage for plants and animals • Humans use Cellulose to work as a natural pipe snake SOURCES • Starchy Foods • Sugary Foods • Veggies

Carbon-Based Molecules • Lipids have several different functions. – broken down as a source of energy – make up cell membranes – used to make hormones

Carbon-Based Molecules LIPIDS (4 types) • • TRIGLYCERIDES PHOSPHOLIPIDS WAXES HORMONES

Carbon-Based Molecules Triglycerides – Fats and Oils The Main functions of Triglycerides are: – Energy Storage • 1 g of fat contains nearly 2 x as much energy as 1 g of a polysaccharide. – Insulation (mainly sea critters) • Blubber

Carbon-Based Molecules • Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. – Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. – Fats and oils (triglycerides) contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Triglyceride

Carbon-Based Molecules • Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. – saturated fatty acids – unsaturated fatty acids ALL IN THE BONDS

Carbon-Based Molecules • Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. – Polar phosphate “head” – Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” Phospholipid

Carbon-Based Molecules WAXES • STRUCTURE: – 1 FA tail attached to an Alcohol • Extremely hydrophobic(water bad mmkay) – Means it is a natural protective coat found on apples and pears, but it really shines as a dehydration preventive coating for many animals like insects.

Carbon-Based Molecules HORMONES Names of hormones (steroids) tend to end in either –in(e), ron(e), -ogen (usually used for precursors) • Are created from cholesterol. – A lipid that has a 4 ring structure. – Cholesterol is found in the cell membrane acting as somewhat of a structure reinforcer. • Steroids include the sexual hormones and many non-sex linked hormones.

Carbon-Based Molecules Fun with STEROIDS ANABOLIC STEROIDS - These are synthetic types of steroids made from male testosterone. - BENEFITS: Helps to treat anemia (muscle attacking disease) Quickly builds muscle - COSTS: Roid Rage due to chemicals in brain being thrown off (HULK ANGRY!!! HULK SMASH!!!!!!) Liver damage Decreased libido or sterility (Look masculine, but have all the drive and potentency of a Ken Doll) Bloated face

Carbon-Based Molecules Tammy in 2007 Steroids anyone? Tammy Thomas -US Cycling Gold Medalist Tammy in 2001

Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. – Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.

Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. – Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. – Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. – Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. – Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. – Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

Carbon-Based Molecules Some Protein Function • Builds parts of you body like muscles. • Also work as Enzymes (we will learn more when we talk about Proteins in more depth)

Carbon-Based Molecules • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

Carbon-Based Molecules • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. – Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base

Carbon-Based Molecules • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. – Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. – DNA stores genetic DNA information. – RNA builds proteins. RNA