Carbon capture storage Part Carbon capture from power
Carbon capture storage PartⅡ Carbon capture from power generation 4. Carbon capture form power generation Greenhouse Gases Reduction & Waste Pyrolysis Lab.
Contents 4. 1. Introduction 4. 2. Precombustion capture 4. 3. Postcombustion capture 4. 4. Oxyfuel combustion capture 4. 5. Chemical looping capture systems 4. 6. Capture-ready and retrofit power plant 4. 7. Approaches to zero-emission power generation
4. 2. Precombustion capture 4. 2. 1 Precombution RD&D project RD&D : Research, Development and Demonstration • European Union-funded European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants (ETP ZEP) • 2005년 설립, 2012년까지 zero CO 2 emissions의 화석연료 플랜트의 상업적 설치 가능을 목표 Research and development (pilot) Demonstration Greenhouse Gases Reduction & Waste Pyrolysis Lab.
4. 2. Precombustion capture § Process 4. 2. 1 Precombution RD&D project § Edwardsport IGCC; duke energy, USA § Air quality - Edwardsport began commercial operations in June 2013 - 618 megawatt advanced technology plant - about 70 percent fewer emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and particulates combined - 용어 : NSPS(New Power Plants Standard) - also reduces its carbon emissions per megawatt-hour by nearly half - IGCC CO 2 limits (EPA) : 1, 100 lb CO 2/MWh-gross over a 12 -operating month period or 1, 000 -1, 050 lb CO 2/MWh-gross over an 84 -operating month (7 -year) period Greenhouse Gases Reduction & Waste Pyrolysis Lab.
4. 3. Postcombustion capture 4. 3. 1 Postcombution RD&D project • European Union-funded European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants (ETP ZEP) • 2005년 설립, 2012년까지 zero CO 2 emissions의 화석연료 플랜트의 상업적 설치 가능을 목표 R&D and pilot-scale testing • 기술 목표 : 90% 회수 효율, € 20 -30/t-CO 2 비용, 에너지 소비량 Planned demonstration plant • Full-scale의 상업적 설비 실증 <2 GJ/ton-CO 2의 새로운 흡수제의 개발 • 테스트 결과 : 90% 회수 효율, € 35 -37/t-CO 2, 3. 2~3. 5 GJ/ton-CO 2 Greenhouse Gases Reduction & Waste Pyrolysis Lab.
4. 3. Postcombustion capture 4. 3. 1 Precombution RD&D project § ROAD project § Mountaineer; american electric power - 235 MW, Post-combustion with chilled ammonia - Utilizing Alstom Power’s CAP to capture at least 90 % of CO 2 from a flue gas slipstream. - Permanently storing CO 2 in two separate saline formations located approximately 1. 5 miles below the surface - 1. 5 million metric ton/yr of CO 2 will begin by the end of 2015. Rotterdam Capture and Storage Demonstration Project (ROAD) 2014; Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands - 250 MWe equivalent post-combustion capture - 1. 1 million tonnes per annum; approximately 4 000 tonnes of CO 2 per day - Absorption chemical solvent-based-process (Amine) - Sandstone at a depth of around 3, 500 metres / 11, 480 feet below the sea surface (35 million ton CO 2 storage) Greenhouse Gases Reduction & Waste Pyrolysis Lab.
Greenhouse Gases Reduction & Waste Pyrolysis Lab.
4. 4. Oxyfuel combustion capture 4. 4. 1 Oxyfuel RD&D project § Renfrew; doosan babcock - NOx as mg/MJ is lower under oxyfuel than air firing - 40 MW oxyfuel; the world’s largest demonstration - SOx as mg/MJ is lower under oxyfuel than air firing - In excess of 75% v/v dry, and up to 85% v/v dry - Combustion efficiency, Unbrunt loss is comparable Greenhouse Gases Reduction & Waste Pyrolysis Lab.
4. 5. Chemical looping capture systems 4. 5. 2 Chemical looping reforming • 합성가스 또는 연료전지 등 다른 용도를 위한 수소 생산이 목적 • 이를 위해 연료 부분 산화, 스팀 개질 이용 • Ni의 경우, 흡열반응으로 직접적 연소공정보다 개질공정에 적용이 더 용이 • Fuel partial oxidation CH 4 + Ni. O → CO + 2 H 2 + Ni (4. 4) CH 4 + H 2 O → CO + 3 H 2 (4. 5) Ni + 1/2 O 2 → Ni. O (4. 6) • Steam reforming • Regeneration Greenhouse Gases Reduction & Waste Pyrolysis Lab.
4. 5. Chemical looping capture systems 4. 5. 3 Chemical looping hydrogen production • 화학적 매체순환 공정의 변형을 통해 순수한 수소 생산의 실증 연구 진행 • O 2, H 2 O을 이용한 매체 재생단계에서 수소 생산 • Fuel partial oxidation C + 1/2 O 2 → CO (4. 7) • Syngas oxidation CO + 3 Fe 3 O 4 → CO 2 + 3 Fe. O (4. 8) CO + 3 Fe 2 O 3 → CO 2 + 2 Fe 3 O 4 (4. 9) • Carrier oxidation 3 Fe. O + H 2 O → Fe 3 O 4 + H 2 (4. 10) • Carrier combustion 4 Fe 3 O 4 + O 2 → 6 Fe 2 O 3 (4. 11) Greenhouse Gases Reduction & Waste Pyrolysis Lab.
4. 5. Chemical looping capture systems 4. 5. 3 Chemical looping hydrogen production (계속) • 화학적 매체순환 공정의 변형을 통해 순수한 수소 생산의 실증 연구 진행 • Ca. S/Ca. SO 4 매체를 이용한 재생단계에서 수소 생산 • Fuel partial oxidation 4 C + Ca. SO 4 → 4 CO + Ca. S (4. 12) • Water-gas shift CO + H 2 O ↔ CO 2 + H 2 (4. 13) • Carrier B carbonation Ca. O + CO 2 ↔ Ca. CO 3 (4. 14) • Carrier B calcination Ca. CO 3 + heat ↔ Ca. O + CO 2 (4. 15) • Carrier A oxidation Ca. S + 2 O 2 → Ca. SO 4 (4. 16) Greenhouse Gases Reduction & Waste Pyrolysis Lab.
4. 5. Chemical looping capture systems 4. 4. 1 Chemicl looping capture RD&D project § CDCL project; Columbia University - 25 kw OSU sub-pilot - Over 300+ hours operation - Average CO 2 purity generated throughout run > 99% - >99. 99% hydrogen purity at steady state - Assumptions used are similar to those adopted by the USDOE baseline studies. Greenhouse Gases Reduction & Waste Pyrolysis Lab.
4. 6. Capture-ready and retrofit power plant 4. 6. 1 Capture-ready power plants (계속) Capture-ready 옵션에 대한 위험요소(risk) Capture-ready 프로젝트 Greenhouse Gases Reduction & Waste Pyrolysis Lab.
4. 7. Approaches to zero-emission power generation • Zero-emission power (ZEP)를 위한 기존 포집기술 외 대안기술 • AZEP (Advanced Zero Emission Power Plant), ZEC (zero emission coal), Future. Gen 대안기술이 있음 4. 7. 1 AZEP concept: Norsk Hydro/Alstom • Brayton-cycle 가스 터빈(단열압축 및 팽창 이용, 압축기 사용으로 효율 낮음) • 천연가스의 순산소 연소가 혼합된 전도 매체(MCM) 멤브레인 반응기 이용 • 매체(MCM) 멤브레인 반응기 접촉 면적 1 st Heat recovery >500 m 2/m 3 2 nd Heat recovery • 산소 생산 속도 ~37 mol-O 2/s·m 3 -module volume • 총 발전량 ~15 MW/m 3 - module volume Greenhouse Gases Reduction & Waste Pyrolysis Lab.
4. 7. Approaches to zero-emission power generation 4. 7. 3 Future. Gen concept: Future. Gen Alliance • Future. Gen: * IGCC와 유사 공정 (연료전지 적용이 차이) * 가스화기(수성가스화 포함) 전연소 포집, 연료전지 적용 Future. Gen 기술개발 활동 Greenhouse Gases Reduction & Waste Pyrolysis Lab.
4. 8. Conclusion - 앞선 실증 프로젝트의 CO 2, SO 2, NO 2, PM-10의 배출량 및 포집(또는 저감) 효율을 나타낸 것 - CO 2 포집효율 면에서 화학적 매체순환기술이 가장 높은 효율 - 앞서 Fig. 4. 11에서 언급했듯이 공정 효율 또한 화학적 매체순환기술이 가스화, IGCC, MEA, chilled ammonia, 멤브레인에 비해 상대적으로 가장 높은 값을 가짐 현재, 상용화 단계 전이지만, 향후 CO 2 포집기술은 유동층을 이용한 화학적 매체순환기술이 우세할 것으로 판단 NO Technology 1 Emission (lbs/MMBtu) Efficiency (%) CO 2 SO 2 NO 2 PM-10 Precombustion capture - 0. 014 0. 02 0. 007 50 70 70 70 2 Postcombustion capture - - 90 - - - 3 Oxyfuel combustion capture 75 -85% - - - - Red. 190 - Red. 1170 0. 1 -0. 2 Comb. - 100 - - - 0 -70 0 (ppm) 4 Chemical looping capture >99% Greenhouse Gases Reduction & Waste Pyrolysis Lab.
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