Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties Carbon forms

Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon forms ________ bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. – _______________ chain – ________

• Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. – ________ are the individual subunits. – ________ are made of many monomers.

Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • ____________ are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. – Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. – Monosaccharides are ________ sugars. – Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen. __________

• Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide _______________. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Polymer (________ ) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. • Found in plants Polymer (________ ) monomer Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure • Found in plant cell walls

• Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include _______________ , and ________. – Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. – Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Triglyceride Lipids have several different functions: – broken down as a source of ________ energy – make up cell ________ – used to make ________

• Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. – _______________ fatty acids

• Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. – ________ phosphate “head” – ________ fatty acid “tails” Phospholipid

• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. – ________ different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. – Amino acids differ in remainder groups, or ____ groups. – Amino acids are linked by ________ bonds.

• Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. – Amino acids ________ to give a protein its shape. Hemoglobin hydrogen bond – Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s ________ and ________.

• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • ________ are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base

• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. – Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. – DNA stores genetic ________ DNA – RNA builds ________. RNA