Carbohydrates Where are they found What are they

Carbohydrates Where are they found?

What are they used for?

What are they made of? • carbohydrate = “hydrate of Carbon” • Contains: • general formula :

Monomer vs. Polymer • Monomer • Polymer

Types of Saccharides (sugar) simple sugars: • Monosaccharides • disaccharides complex: • oligosaccharides • polysaccharides

Monosaccharides Size Triose Tetrose Pentose Hexose Heptose C 3 sugars C 4 sugars C 5 sugars C 6 sugars C 7 sugars “ose” - sugar • What functional groups can you identify? • What is the difference between the two five-carbon sugars? Where can they be found?

Saccharides Sugars are characterized based on: - Number of carbon atoms - Type of carbonyl group : aldose or ketose

Comparing Hexoses • What are the molecules an example of? • What are the structural differences? • Where can you find each?

Anomeric Forms Anomer – a cyclic stereoisomer whose conformational difference involves the arrangement of atoms http: //www. stolaf. edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/carbohydrates/glucose. swf

3 D Image of Glucose • http: //www. science. nelson. com/0176121382/3 Dmolecules. html -Alpha = hydroxyl group on carbon 1 lies below the plane of the ring -Beta = hydroxyl group on carbon 1 lies above the plane of the ring

The Making and Breaking of Disaccharides • http: //www. biotopics. co. uk/as/disaccharideformation. html Anabolic Reactions Catabolic Reactions • What type of linkages are formed?

What is the difference between an alpha and a beta linkage?

Examples of Disaccharides SUCROSE • common table sugar = glucose + fructose LACTOSE • major sugar in milk = glucose + galactose MALTOSE • product of starch digestion = glucose + glucose

Oligosaccharides • Short chains of sugars • E. g. inulin and oligofructose

Polysaccharides A. Storage Polysaccharides i. Starch – found in plant cells Amylose – linear + Amylopectin - branched

ii. - found in animal cells

B. Structural Polysaccharides • chitin

• Cellulose -Consists of β 1 -4 glycosidic linkage -Inversion of molecules allow fibers to tightly bundle -Tough and insoluble -Humans do not have enzymes to break the β 1 -4 glycosidic linkage but can break the α 1 -4 glycosidic linkage in starch

ISSUES SURROUNDING CARBOHYDRATES

Glucose Regulation • Glucose blood levels are maintained by two hormones: _____ and _____ Hypoglycemia • level below 60 mg/dl Symptoms of hypoglycemia include: hunger nervousness and shakiness perspiration dizziness or light-headedness sleepiness confusion difficulty speaking feeling anxious or weak

Hyperglycemia • level is higher than 200 mg/dl • hunger • excessive thirst • frequent urination • Blurred vision • Fatigue • Weight loss • Poor wound healing • Dry mouth • Dry or itchy skin • Impotence in males • Recurrent infections such as vaginal yeast infections, groin rash, or ear infections Can be caused by: a. Diabetes Mellitus b. Binge eating with bulimia OUR GOAL: MAINTAIN A CONSTANT BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL

Use and Effects of Fructose May be linked to:

Artificial Sweeteners vs. Sugar • 200 times sweeter than sugar • Not natural • Proven to be unhealthy if has been stored in warehouses in high temperatures because it breaks down into methanol, a poison to vertebrates!

Lactose Intolerance

Galactosemia • Inability to breakdown galactose

Problems with Low Carbohydrate Diets

Fiber is Important

High vs Low Fiber Foods High • Whole grains • Vegetables • Legumes • Lettuce • Brocolli Low • Bananas • Tomatoes • Squash • Many cereals and white bread • White pasta • Potatoes • rice