Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides and Polysaccharides Monomers and Polymers

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

Monomers and Polymers • A large molecule made up of smaller units is called a polymer • The individual units that make up a polymer are called monomers • What represents a polymer? • What represents a monomer?

Sugar Monomers • Sugars and starches are made from sugar monomers called monosaccharides • Glucose • Galactose • Fructose • • What shapes do glucose and galactose make? What shape does fructose make? Sugar names end in what sound? All sugar monomers have the formula: C 6 H 12 O 6

Disaccharides • A disaccharide (di – two) is formed when two monosaccharides bond together Lactose Sucrose (milk (table sugar)isisformedfromone • Maltose (grainsugar) two and one galactose fructose monomer glucose momomers

Polysaccharides • Polysaccharides (poly – many) are formed from many monosaccharides bonded together. • Plants and animals form polysaccharides to store surplus sugar. • Plants form starch, animals form glycogen • Plants also form the polysaccharide cellulose to build cell walls. Wood and paper are cellulose. • Insects form the polysaccharide chitin (kite–in)which makes up their shell.

Dehydration Synthesis • Monosaccharides bond together by a process called dehydration synthesis to form larger polysaccharides • Dehydration means “taking away water” • Synthesis means “putting together” • Dehydration synthesis means building by taking away water • Watch this short animation

Hydrolysis • Polysaccharides are broken apart into smaller monosaccharides by a process called hydrolysis. • Hydro- means water • -lysis means to break apart or split apart • Hydrolysis means to break apart with water • Watch this short animation

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis • This short animation demonstrates both processes. • This animation is a little more detailed about hydrolysis of sucrose (table sugar)

Building Glucose • Do you remember the chemical formula for glucose? • C 6 H 12 O 6 • You’ll need 6 carbon (black), 12 Hydrogen (white) and 6 oxygen (blue)

Lay out your hexagon carbon ring

Build the rest of the molecule starting at the #1 carbon in the ring

Building a polysaccharide • Perform a dehydration synthesis with your partner to create a disaccharide • Perform a dehydration synthesis with the two disaccharides at your table to create a polysaccharide • Perform hydrolysis to separate the polysaccharide into monomer saccharides again • Disassemble your glucose molecule