Carbohydrates http www virtualschoolhub com Polymer Principles Polymers

Carbohydrates http: //www. virtualschoolhub. com

Polymer Principles Polymers are made up of smaller parts called monomers. • Four classes of macromolecules: – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic Acids • Polymers are formed through condensation reactions. • Polymers are broken apart through a hydrolysis reaction. http: //www. virtualschoolhub. com

General Information about Carbohydrates • Often end in “-ose” • “Carbo”-contains carbon • “Hydrate”-hydrogen and oxygen are present in the same proportions as in water http: //www. virtualschoolhub. com

What Are Carbohydrates? • Carbohydrate composition – • Made of C, H, and O in the ratio of 1: 2: 1 Construction – – – Simple or single sugars are monosaccharides Two linked monosaccharides are disaccharides Long chains of monosaccharides are polysaccharides http: //www. virtualschoolhub. com

Monosaccharides • One sugar unit – are the simplest carbohydrates • They are characterized by sweet taste • They have several polar -OH groups, so they dissolve in water

• Monosaccharides with a 5 carbon backbones • Ribose (and deoxyribose) are the building blocks for nucleic acids. IB Example: RIBOSE

Build ribose with the model kit – – Carbon – black Oxygen – red Nitrogen - blue Hydrogen - white • Determine the molecular formula of ribose • Stamp when complete http: //www. virtualschoolhub. com

• Monosaccharide with a 6 carbon backbone • One of the products of photosynthesis. • In animals and fungi, glucose is the result of the breakdown of glycogen. In plants the breakdown substrate is starch. • In animals, glucose is synthesized in the liver and kidneys • Glucose is needed for ATP synthesis during cellular respiration IB EXAMPLE: GLUCOSE

Build glucose with the model kit – – Carbon – black Oxygen – blue Red – nitrogen White – hydrogen • Determine the molecular formula • Stamp when complete • Do not break apart! http: //www. virtualschoolhub. com

EXAMPLE: FRUCTOSE • Monosaccharide with a 6 carbon backbone • Found in fruits and honey. • It is classified as the sweetest of all the sugars.

Build fructose with the model kit – – Carbon – black Oxygen – blue Red – nitrogen White – hydrogen • Determine the molecular formula • Stamp when complete • Do not break apart! http: //www. virtualschoolhub. com

Glucose and fructose have the same chemical formula C 6 H 12 O 6 but different structural arrangement of the atoms

Disaccharides – two sugar units bonded together

Disaccharides are formed in condensation reactions http: //www. virtualschoolhub. com

Maltose (two glucose units) is present in germinating seeds.

Build maltose with the model kit – – Carbon – black Oxygen – blue Red – nitrogen White – hydrogen • Use your previously made glucose and fructose • Determine the molecular formula • Stamp when complete • Break apart! http: //www. virtualschoolhub. com

Sucrose (glucose + fructose) is a transport form of sugar used by plants and harvested by humans for food.

Sucrose http: //www. virtualschoolhub. com

Lactose (glucose and galactose) is present in milk

Figure 5. 5 x Glucose monomer and disaccharides Glucose monomer Sucrose Maltose http: //www. virtualschoolhub. com

Complex carbohydrates: the polysaccharides • A polysaccharide is a straight or branched chain of hundreds or thousands of sugar monomers.

Storage polysaccharides – Starch (polymer of glucose) • PLANTS • Formed in roots and seeds as a form of glucose storage – Glycogen (polymer of glucose) • ANIMALS Found in liver and muscles http: //www. virtualschoolhub. com

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Build starch with the model kit • With a neighboring row, construct part of a starch molecule by joining four glucose molecule. – – Carbon – black Oxygen – blue Red – nitrogen White – hydrogen • Stamp when complete • Break apart! http: //www. virtualschoolhub. com

Structural polysaccharides – Cellulose (polymer of glucose) • Found in the cell walls of plants • Indigestible for most animals due to orientation of bonds between glucoses – Chitin (polymer of modified glucose units) • Found in the outer coverings of insects, crabs, and spiders • Found in the cell walls of many fungi http: //www. virtualschoolhub. com

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