Carbohydrates AP Biology CARBOHYDRATES Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

Carbohydrates AP Biology

CARBOHYDRATES Elements § Carbon § Hydrogen § Oxygen Subunit § Monosaccharide § (2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen) NOTE: Ring Shape!

CH 2 OH H HO O H OH Carbohydrates energy molecules AP Biology 2006 -2007

Carbohydrates What process produces them originally? AP Biology Yum! glucose Photosynthesis!

Carbon/Oxygen Cycle AP Biology

CARBOHYDRATES Mono/disaccharides § Glucose § Fructose § Lactose § Maltose § Sucrose (-ose ending) AP Biology Polysaccharides § Starch § Chitin § Glycogen § Cellulose

Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide AP Biology

Carbohydrates § Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH 2 O (CH 2 O)x C 6 H 12 O 6 § Function: energy u raw materials u energy storage u structural u § Monomer: sugars § ex: sugars, starches, cellulose sugar sugar AP Biology sugar

Sugars § Most names for sugars end in -ose § Classified by number of carbons 6 C = hexose (glucose) u 5 C = pentose (ribose) u 3 C = triose (glyceraldehyde) u CH 2 OH H HO O H OH H AP Biology 6 H OH Glucose H CH 2 OH OH C O H HO H 5 OH O HO H Ribose H H C OH 3 OH H Glyceraldehyde

Functional groups determine function carbonyl aldehyde carbonyl ketone AP Biology

Sugar structure 5 C & 6 C sugars form rings in solution Where do you find solutions? In cells! AP Biology Carbons are numbered

Numbered carbons C 6' 5' C O C 4' C 1' energy stored in C-C bonds C 3' AP Biology C 2'

Simple & complex sugars § Monosaccharides simple 1 monomer sugars u glucose u § Disaccharides 2 monomers u sucrose u § Polysaccharides large polymers u starch u AP Biology CH 2 OH H HO O H OH H H OH Glucose H OH

Explain: a) process b) reactants c) products d) molecule removed AP Biology

Building sugars § Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides | glucose AP Biology | glucose disaccharide | maltose glycosidic linkage

Building sugars § Synthesis monosaccharides | glucose AP Biology | fructose The blue m&m’s are the best! disaccharide | sucrose (table sugar)

Polysaccharides § Polymers of sugars costs little energy to build u easily reversible = release energy u § Function: u energy storage § starch (plants) § glycogen (animals) u structure = building materials § cellulose (plants) § chitin (arthropods & fungi) AP Biology

Linear vs. branched polysaccharides starch (plant) energy storage What does branching do? glycogen (animal) AP Biology Let’s go to the videotape!

Polysaccharide diversity § Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose isomers of glucose u structure determines function… u AP Biology

Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest AP Biology enzyme

Cellulose § Most abundant organic compound on Earth herbivores can digest cellulose u most carnivores cannot digest cellulose u § that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients § cellulose = roughage AP Biology BIG DEAL! Who can live on this stuff? !

Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet AP Biology

Helpful bacteria § How can cows digest cellulose? u AP Biology bacteria live in their gut & help digest cellulose -rich (grass) meals