CARBOHYDRATES A Composed of carbon oxygen hydrogen B

CARBOHYDRATES A. Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen B. Ratio of atoms: 1 C : 2 H : 1 O (CH 2 O)n n=# Carbon Atoms or C. Exists as rings or long chains D. Energy storage molecule due to C-H bonds - C-H bonds contain a lot of energy- Why do people Carbo-Load?

E. 3 major groups monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides

Monosaccharides Mono= 1 Saccharide= Sugar 1. Simple sugars 2. no digestion—absorbed directly 3. Provides quick bursts of energy, not long lasting 4. Fructose & Glucose

Disaccharides Di= 2 Saccharide = sugar 1. two simple sugars together 2. Must digest first 3. Common food additive 4. Sucrose = table sugar = glucose + fructose 5. Lactose= milk sugar = glucose + galactose

Polysaccharides Poly= many 1. Long complex chains of glucose molecules 2. Insoluble in water- molecule is too big 3. Stored energy- lots of C-H bonds Timed Release- convert to glucose when energy is needed 4. 3 groups (starch, cellulose, and glycogen)

a. Glycogen - energy storage found in liver and muscles of animals -can be converted to glucose for energy when needed

b. Starch- stable food storage compound in plants - 22 to 28 glucose molecules long= pretty big - baking or boiling starches will break the long chains into useable sugars- so does digestion -Athletes Need This!!

c. Cellulose- found in plant cell walls -100 -200 glucose molecules long -can not be digested by humans- but eaten all the time- do you eat your veggies?

Where do we get carbs from? • Simple Sugars- sweet things- candy • Double Sugars- Table Sugar(Sucrose) • Milk (Lactose) etc Complex Sugars – Starch- Potatoes, Corn, Rice, Wheat (Breads) – Cellulose- Plant Cell Walls- Undigestable but still eaten- Called Dietary Fiber- aids in digestion – Glycogen- we make it! (Liver and muscles)

How Do You Make Organic Compounds? • 2 Reactions • Dehydration Synthesis- Puts together • Hydrolysis- Breaks apart

A. Dehydration Synthesis - small units are joined together by removing water

B. Hydrolysis -large compounds are broken down into smaller units by adding water