Cancer The Role of the Cell Cycle Genomics

Cancer: The Role of the Cell Cycle & Genomics

Genes & Evolution Recap Review of Evolutionary Processes: http: //ed. ted. com/lessons/myths-and-misconceptions-aboutevolution-alex-gendler Genetic Mutations and Disease http: //ed. ted. com/lessons/what-happens-when-your-dna-isdamaged-monica-menesini

Proliferation vs. Differentiation Proliferation

Stem Cell Types http: //learn. genetics. utah. edu/content/stemcells/scintro/

Somatic Stem Cells http: //learn. genetics. utah. edu/content/stemcells/sctypes/

Proto-oncogenes = normal genes that code for normal proteins used in cell division Growth factors Growth factor receptors G proteins Enzymes that produce second messengers Genes that turn production of these proteins on & off

Oncogenes = mutated proto-oncogenes still code for proteins needed for cell division But they might produce Too much of the protein An abnormal protein Protein that turns on all by itself Protein that is made when it is not needed Protein that cannot turn cell division off Protein that should be made by a different cell

Tumor Suppressor Genes = a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. When this gene mutates to cause a loss or reduction in its function, the cell can progress to cancer, usually in combination with other genetic changes. Video: http: //ed. ted. com/lessons/the-cancer-gene-we-allhave-michael-windelspecht

THINK/PAIR/SHARE – 10 minutes What is the cell cycle? Can you list the steps? How is it related to cancer?

Cell Cycle Activity http: //www. hhmi. org/biointeractive/eukaryotic-cell-cycle-andcancer

Cancer & the Cell Cycle The eukaryotic cell cycle is a sequence of events that culminate in cell division. The cell cycle events are regulated by various checkpoint proteins, which either stimulate or inhibit cell division until conditions are right to proceed to the next phase. When a cell specializes (or differentiates), it generally stops dividing and "exits" the cell cycle. Once differentiated, some cells can divide again. Cancer is the uncontrolled division of cells, which results from an improperly regulated cell cycle.

Cancer as a Genetic Disease http: //www. hhmi. org/biointeractive/cancer-genetic-diseasevideo-highlights

What is cancer? Neoplasm= new abnormal growth = tumor due to aberrant cell growth Do not wait for signals that new tissue is needed Ignore signals to stop dividing Often do not differentiate Loss of apoptosis Carcinogenesis = production or origination of cancer cells

Summary Videos How do cancer cells act differently: http: //ed. ted. com/lessons/how-do-cancer-cells-behavedifferently-from-healthy-ones-george-zaidan

Steps of Oncogenesis 1. 2. 3.

Metastasis Cells in a primary tumor develop ability to escape & enter bloodstream Imagine you were a cancer cell. What abilities would you need to survive in the tumor? What abilities would you need to metastasize? Relationship to dysplasia? Video: How Does Cancer Spread? : http: //ed. ted. com/lessons/how-doescancer-spread-through-the-body-ivanseah-yu-jun

Tumor Classification Benign Malignant Similar to cell of origin look like normal tissue cells May perform normal function (like secreting hormones) oversecretion Do not usually metastasize usually encapsulated Compress locally Slow growth rate Seldom reoccur after removal Dissimilar to cell of original ○ Undifferentiated cells that divide rapidly ○ Cells mutate faster & can change type ○ Do not have clear boundaries sends “legs” out into surrounding tissue ○ Do not perform normal functions ○ May secrete hormones associated with other tissues Necrosis & ulceration common Seldom encapsulated ○ Metastastic

The Nature of Cancer http: //media. hhmi. org/hl/03 Lect 1. html? _ga=1. 18733113. 1054808674. 14 68863809

Carcinogens = substances that induce neoplastic growth 3 types Chemicals tobacco smoke, automobile exhaust, insecticides, drugs/therapeutic agents (dosage-dependent) Physical ionizing radiation (sun, x-rays, radioactive elements) Viral viruses alter genome Some are oncogenic Epstein-Barr & HPV Also consider role played by lifestyle

Risk Factors Air pollution Tobacco & alcohol Occupation Radiation Sexual practices Diet Age Genetics

Cancer Treatment Surgery Radiation Therapy Chemotherapy Hormone & Antihormone Therapy Biotherapy

Diagnostic Tests MRI, PET, or CT scans Screening tests Endoscopy Ultrasonography

Clinical Manifestations of Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome

Nomenclature of Neoplams 1. Based on its behavior & growth • Benign add “oma” at end for connective tissue origin • Malignant 2. • add “sarcoma” for connective tissue origin • Add “adenosarcoma” for glandular origin Based on cell of origin • Prefix cell of origin • Suffice denotes whether benign or malignant

Nomenclature Examples Cells of origin Behavior of growth Benign Malignant Adipose lipoma liposarcoma Bone cells osteoma Blood vessels hemangioma hemangiosarcoma Fibrous tissues fibroma osteosarcoma fibrosarcoma