Cancer Cancer Cell cycle disease Carcinogenesis development of

Cancer

Cancer… § § Cell cycle disease Carcinogenesis: development of cancer Uncontrolled cell reproduction Classified by location… 3 types? _____: epithelium, organ lining _____: muscle/connective tissue (including bone/cartilage) _____: blood § Inc cell division rate, inc mutation odds

…Lacks Differentiation § § ___-_____ cells No contribution Look abnormal Enter cell cycle repeatedly

…Has Abnormal Nuclei § § § Different chromosome # possible Chromosomes abnormal in appearance Can be deleted/moved Gene amplification (extras) Apoptosis failure Normal Cancerous

…Forms Tumors § § Normally, cells anchored Contact inhibition (stops division) Cancer cell pile Multiple layers (form tumor)

Others § Cancer can also: undergo metastasis AND promote ______ § But we’ll talk about these in a while…

Genetic Control Failure § § § Requires several mutations (additive) Takes several years (increased risk) Highly specialized cells not a cancer risk (i. e. nerve, cardiac muscle cells) § Why is that?

Genetic Control Failure § Must be able to ____ Include: Fibroblasts (cells that line the lung, liver, uterus, kidney) Bone marrow Basal skin Digestive tract cells

What fails exactly? § ___-____: codes for proteins that promote cell cycle & inhibit apoptosis § Cyclin must be present § Molecule needed for G 2 M

What is p 53? § § § Stops cell cycle Activates repair enzymes If fails, destroys cell Proto-oncogene: makes p 53 unavailable One or the other needs to be disabled!

p 53

Absence of Telomere Shortening § § § Remember telomere? Stops ______ from fusing When lost, apoptosis occurs Cancer cells turn on telomerase Do you remember what this does? § Why is this important?

Angiogenesis § What is it? § Pea-sized cancers can grow § Capillary network gets nutrients/O 2 § What does angiogenesis do to the body? § Epithelial cells

Metastasis § Benign tumor: encapsulated, non-invasive, disorganized § In situ: in place of origin, invasive § ____: produce cancer cells that travel § Blood/lymph § Malignancy: metastasis establishes new, distant tumors § Mutations can cause movement

Hereditary Forms of Cancer § Can’t “get” cancer from genes § Can have predisposition § Ex. BRCA 1 & 2 § Recessive autosomal alleles § One inherited, other needed § All cells would have 1

Hereditary Forms of Cancer § § § rb gene (retinoblastoma) Eye tumors Need both mutations in both alleles Usually one eye Children inheriting often both eyes Why?

Cancer Treatments § Remove/interfere with reproductive ability § 1 st step? § § Especially early Radiation/chemotherapy High-E beams at tumor Damages DNA to stop replication

Cancer Treatments § ______ drugs same as radiation Vinca minor § Damages DNA OR mitotic spindle function § Why would that matter? § Ex. drugs (both stop spindle): Vinblastine (periwinkle) Taxol (bark Pacific yew tree) § Both damage other cells Taxus brevifolia

Cancer Treatments § Hormone therapy § Prevents cell division by inhibiting necessary signals § ____-____ drugs § Breaks up capillaries § Reduces blood supply

Cancer Prevention § Avoid ____: 30% all cancer deaths 87% lung cancers 2+ packs/day=15 -25 x greater risk Smokeless tobacco increases mouth, larynx, throat, esophagus

Cancer Prevention § _____: Melanoma (UV rays damage DNA) § Excessive drinking: Mouth, larynx, throat, esophagus, liver cancers § Increases chances when combined

Protective Diet § Colon, breast, uterine cancers increase with obesity (55% women/33% men) § Why would obesity inc cancer risk? § ______ decreases risk § Foods with vitamins A & C, β-carotene § β-carotene in dark greens, carrots, fruits § C in citrus fruits

Protective Diet § _____: prevent free radial formation (ions w/unpaired e-) § Damage DNA § C prevents nitrate/-ite conversion into carcinogenic nitrosamines

Protective Diet § § § Avoid salted/pickled foods Increase stomach/esophageal cancers ____ foods have chemical carcinogens § Nitrates added for preservation

Protective Diet Your greens you must eat! § § § Eat cabbage family veggies Ex. broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower Reduces gastrointestinal/respiratory cancers