Cancer By Sabrina Domingues Jessica Luna Andy Koopengsakorn

Cancer By: Sabrina Domingues Jessica Luna Andy Koopengsakorn Elliot Moskowitz

Cancer • Liver Cancer • Kidney Cancer • Stomach Cancer

Liver Cancer • Functions: Processes and stores many of the nutrients absorbed from the intestine. Clots blood to stop a cut or injury. Secretes bile into the intestine • Benign Tumors: Hemangioma (he-man-ge-O-muh) Hepatic adenomas (huh-pat-ic ad-uh-noh-muhs) Focal nodular hyperplasia (hy-per-play-zuh • Malignant Tumors: hepatocellular carcinoma Cholangiocarcinomas fibrolamellar

Liver Cancer • Liver cancer in adults 3 out of 10 are diagnosed in the early stages 7 out of 100 people diagnosed with liver cancer will be alive 5 years later 8 out of 10 Liver cases are found in liver cancer developing countries. • For those who have surgery to remove the cancer "About 3 out of 4 (75%) live for at least 1 year "About 1 in 2 (50%) live for at least 3 years "About 3 out of 10 (30%) live for at least 5 years

Liver Cancer • Patients with hepatitis B virus who are at greatest risk for liver cancer are men with hepatitis B virus cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and a family history of liver cancer How does chronic hepatitis B virus cause liver cancer? • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is also associated with the development of liver cancer.

Liver Cancer • Risk factor for developing Liver cancer presence of cirrhosis, older age male gender alcohol use and co-infection with hepatitis B virus

Liver Cancer • Alcohol Cirrhosis caused by chronic alcohol consumption is the most common association of liver cancer in the developed world. Patients with alcoholic cirrhosis who die of liver cancer are about 10 years older than patients who die of non-cancer causes.

Liver Cancer • Symptons of Liver cancer weight loss poor appetite right upper abdominal pain or discomfort jaundice (yellow skin and eyes and mucus membranes). Cancer may either start in the liver or spread from other organs to the liver

Liver Cancer • Treatment for Liver Cancer: Surgical Resection, Radiofrequency Ablation as Liver Cancer Treatment, Cryosurgery, Chemotherapy, Liver transplanting

Kidney Cancer • Cancer that forms in tissues of the kidneys. Kidney cancer includes renal cell carcinoma (cancer that forms in the lining of very small tubes in the kidney that filter the blood and remove waste products) and renal pelvis carcinoma (cancer that forms in the center of the kidney where urine collects). It also includes Wilms’ tumor, which is a type of kidney cancer that usually develops in children under the age of 5.

Kidney Cancer: Prevention and Reduced Risk • Preliminary research suggests that higher consumption of fatty fish in women is linked with a lower risk of renal cell carcinoma, a common form of kidney cancer, according to a study in the September 20 issue of JAMA. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) involving the renal parenchyma (the functional tissue of the kidney) accounts for more than 80 percent of all kidney cancers.

Kidney Cancer: Prevention and Reduced Risk • The evidence that fish consumption, especially fatty fish, may be associated with lower risk of several cancers has not been consistent, according to background information in the article. • Previous studies have analyzed total fish consumption and have not taken into account that there are large differences between fatty fish and lean fish in the content of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D. Marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaneoic acid, which are present in significant amounts in fatty cold-water fish (up to 20 -30 times higher content than in lean fish), have been reported to slow the development of cancer. Fatty fish has 3 to 5 times higher content of vitamin D than lean fish, and lower serum vitamin D levels have been associated with development and progression of RCC.

Kidney Cancer • They found that those who consumed five or more servings of fruit and vegetables daily reduced their relative risk of developing renal cell carcinoma - the most common form of kidney cancer – although these results were not statistically significant. • Eating salads more than once a day decreased the risk by 40 per cent in comparison to no consumption, while women who ate bananas four to six times a week had about half the risk of kidney cancer as those who did not eat the fruit. • Regular consumption of root vegetables like carrots was linked to a 50 - 65 per cent decrease in risk. • There is some previous evidence to show that regularly eating fruit and vegetables may protect against kidney cancer but the data has not been consistent.

Foods That Increase Risk of Kidney Cancer • Study show eats lots of bread pasta increases kidney cancer risk. Researchers found that diets high in bread, pasta and rice, which cause a rise in insulin-like growth factors might play a role in the increase in cancer. Diets high in poultry, processed meat, and all vegetables, both raw and cooked appear to decrease the risk.

Stomach Cancer • Stomach cancer, which is also called gastric cancer, is a cancer that starts in the stomach.

Stomach Cancer • Most stomach cancers start in the mucosa. Stomach cancers are believed to develop slowly over many years. Before a true cancer develops, there are usually precancerous changes that occur in the lining of the stomach. These early changes rarely produce symptoms and therefore often go undetected. Stomach cancers can spread, or metastasize, in several different ways. They can grow through the wall of the stomach and eventually grow into nearby organs. They can also spread to the lymph system, including lymph vessels and lymph nodes. When the stomach cancer becomes more advanced, it will travel through the bloodstream and form deposits (called metastases) in organs such as the liver, lungs, and bones.

Stomach Cancer • Dietary causes: An increased risk of stomach cancer is associated with diets containing large amounts of smoked foods, salted fish and meat, and pickled vegetables. Nitrates and nitrites are substances commonly found in cured meats, some drinking water, and certain vegetables. They can be converted by certain bacteria, such as H pylori, into compounds that have been found to cause stomach cancer in animals. On the other hand, eating whole grain products and fresh fruits and vegetables that contain vitamins A and C appears to lower the risk of stomach cancer.

Stomach Cancer • Obesity: Being very overweight or obese has emerged as a major cause of many cancers and especially cancers of the cardia (part nearest the esophagus) of the stomach. Nearly half of the cancers in this region can be related to smoking and obesity. • Approximately 90% to 95% of cancerous (malignant) tumors of the stomach are adenocarcinomas

Stomach Cancer Symptoms Include: • unintended weight loss and lack of appetite • abdominal pain • vague discomfort in the abdomen, usually above the navel • a sense of fullness in the upper abdomen, just below the chest bone after eating a small meal. • heartburn, indigestion, or ulcer-type symptoms • nausea • vomiting, with or without blood • swelling of the abdomen due to accumulation of fluid and cancer cells.

Stomach Cancer • The main treatments for stomach cancer are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

The. End

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