Canada WWII The War at Home Total War

Canada & WWII: The War at Home

Total War n n By 1942, Canada was committed to a policy of “Total War”. All industries, materials and people were put to work for the war effort.

Government and the Economy n n n The war launched Canada out of the depression and into an economic boom. C. D. Howe, minister of munitions and supply, quickly organized Canada’s war economy, he assumed near dictatorial powers telling businessmen what they would produce including how much and how fast. Canada became an industrial power, new factories were built, and old ones adapted for war purposes. Factories churned out thousands of guns, ships, fighter planes and military vehicles.

Canadian Production 1939 -1945 Aircraft 16 000 Rifles 900 000 Military Vehicles 815 000 Merchant Ships 410 Landing Craft 3 302 Navy Tugs 254 Tanks Escort Ships 6 500 487 Machine Guns 244 000

Labour n With so many men enlisting, Canada faced a labour shortage as early as 1941, most notably in war-related industries. n In 1942, the Canadian government passed the National Selective Service Act to mobilize the country’s labour resources for the benefit of the war effort. n One of the main strategies of the program was to recruit women for the work force.

“Women, Back Them Up -To Bring Them Back!” ■ At first only single women were recruited, but upon severe labour shortages, both married women and mothers were sought out; the government even funded daycare centres so that women would be free to work. ■ In 1943, there were approximately 225, 000 Canadian women working in munitions factories.

In The Army Now… n In 1941, for the first time in Canadian history, women were able to enlist in their own divisions of the Army, Navy and Air Force. Although Canadian women were not allowed into combat during the Second World War, they did just about everything else.

In The Army Now… n n Women served as nurses, stretcher bearers, drivers, machine operators, cooks and secretaries. They also flew Canadian built planes to bases in Britain and ferried officers and politicians from Ottawa to London. They were paid roughly 60% of what their male counterparts made

Enlistment By Women In Canada’s Armed Forces: n. Over 43, 000 women served overseas in the Canadian Women’s Army Corps, the Royal Women’s Navy Service and the Women’s Division of the Royal Canadian Air Force. Navy Air Force 6 781 17 018 Army 21 624 Medical Services 4 518 Doctors 58 http: //archives. cbc. ca/war_conflict/second_world_war/clips/4974/

Wartime Prices and The Trade Board n n Prime Minister Mackenzie King was determined to avoid the problems of greed and inflation which had plagued the Canadian political landscape during the first World War The government set up the Wartime Prices and Trade Board (WPTB) to control prices and supervise the distribution of food and other scarce goods.

Rationing: A Little Goes a Long Way! n n To ensure there was a large enough supply to meet both military and civilian needs, certain staple goods were rationed. Rationed Items Included: Meat, Butter, Tea, Coffee, Gasoline, Tires (rubber), Alcohol, Clothing Fabric and Silk

Pitching in on all fronts ■ dedication to the war effort also extended outside the factories. ■ Women’s organizations collected paper, glass, metal, rubber, rags and bones to be recycled into war supplies. ■ They planted victory gardens, sewed clothes for troops and were recruited to work on farms and in factories.

Financing the War n n n The Canadian Government did raise taxes during the Second World War to help offset the cost of financing the war. The increased revenue from higher taxes accounted for about one-half of all war-related expenses. To help pay for the rest, the Canadian government turned to an old idea: Victory Loans drives. The government conducted nine Victory Loan drives between June 1941 and October 1945. These campaigns raised nearly $12 billion by the end of the war.

Conscription Crisis: Part II

Conscription Timeline 1939 – King rejects conscription for overseas service n 1940 – during election campaign, rejects conscription again (for overseas service) n

Conscription Timeline n 1940 June – Gov’t enacts National Resource Mobilization Bill. Allows conscription for service at home ¨ term for 30 days ¨ then 4 months ¨ then extended to end of war

Conscription Timeline 1942 – King needs more troops, holds Plebiscite asking to be released from promise not to send conscripts overseas. Results: 79% Anglophones vote yes, 85% Francophones vote no n 1942 Spring – Parliament authorizes use of conscripts overseas n

Conscription Timeline 1944 – King orders 16000 conscripts overseas after losses at Normandy and the Italian campaigns n 1945 – 13000 conscripts go overseas, 2500 reach front lines, and 60 are killed n "Mackenzie King was successful in his efforts to deal with the conscription issue during WWII" n

Top Secret: Camp X n Camp X, which operated in Oshawa, Ontario from 1941 to 1946, was a training camp responsible for training recruits for the Special Operations Executive of the British Security Coordination during World War II. n It was comprised of two sections, the Special Training School No. 103, which trained allied agents in the techniques of secret warfare, and Hydra, a network which communicated messages between Canada, United States, and Great Britain.

Social Support: Expanding The Social Safety Net n n n The increased role of government was also visible in the expansion of the social safety net. In 1940, the government passed the Unemployment Insurance Act. In the face of unemployment, workers could now collect insurance. In 1944, the government introduced Family Allowance and in 1945 the first “baby bonus” cheques were mailed out.