CAN COULD BE ABLE TO BE ALLOWED TO

CAN COULD (BE ABLE TO, BE ALLOWED TO) MAY MIGHT (BE LIKELY/BE UNLIKELY) MUST (HAVE TO/NEED TO) SHOULD OUGHT TO (BE SUPPOSED TO) DIDN´T NEED TO/ NEEDN´T HAVE DONE

COMMON FEATURES: 1. ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO: WE CAN SPEAK BOTH ENGLISH AND SPANISH 2. NEVER ADD –S IN 3 RD PERSON SINGULAR: SHE MAY COME SOON IF SHE FINISHES HER PROJECT 3. DON´T NEED AUXILIARIES DO/DOES/DID IN QUESTIONS OR NEGATIVE SENTENCES: COULD YOU OPEN THE WINDOW, PLEASE? ? 4. LACK VERB TENSES SO THEY NEED SUBSTITUTES: I HAD TO READ NOUGHTS AND CROSSES DURING THE WEEKEND SHE WASN´T ABLE TO AVOID THE ARGUMENT WE ARE SUPPOSED TO BEGIN OUR EXAMS ON TIME

• Can • Could We use can to express possibility or ability in the present We use could when we had the possibility or ability to do something in the past. It is also used for requests. • Could not We use could not when we did not have the possibility or ability to do something in the past.

When I was young I could not swim. Ability in the past

Now I can swim. Ability now

Could you close the door, please? POLITE REQUEST

EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY IN THE PAST I COULD HAVE PASSED MY EXAM IF I HAD STUDIED HARDER, BUT I DIDN´T S + COULD HAVE+ V 3 + C

May : Request /Permission May/can/could I use your phone? May/can/could I go to the bathroom?

May/might: possibility, doubt • It may rain tomorrow but I doubt it because the weather is very good today 50 % POSSIBILITY

• I might not go shopping this week. I have a lot to do.

Circle the best modal for each sentence I may/ can / might speak French well. I may/ can / might see Brad Pitt when I am in Hollywood. May/ Can/ Might/Could you close the door? I can/ may / might go on holiday to Spain if I have enough money

Make questions with ‘may/could’ according to the situations

POSSIBILITY IN THE PAST CALLUM MAY/MIGHT HAVE BEEN HAPPY WITH SEPHY IF THEY HAD LIVED TOGETHER, BUT …. . S+ MAY/MIGHT HAVE + V 3 + C

Rules and more rules

Must: Express obligation (generally they are strong rules)

Mustn’t: Prohibition

SUBSTITUTE for MUST: I HAD TO DO THE TEST ON LINE YESTERDAY SHE DIDN´T HAVE TO COME TO SCHOOL. SHE WAS WORKING FROM HOME WE HAVE TO STAY AT HOME AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE TO STOP SPREADING THE VIRUS WE DON´T HAVE TO/DON´T NEED TO BRING ALL OUR BOOKS TO SCHOOL, JUST THE ONE WE ARE GOING TO USE (THERE IS NO NEED…)

EXPRESSING CERTAINTY 90% SURE

HE MUST BE AT HOME. ALL THE LIGHTS ARE ON HE CAN´T BE AT HOME. I SAW HIM IN THE STREET A MINUTE AGO

EXPRESSING CERTAINTY IN THE PAST HE MUST HAVE WON A LOT OF MONEY ON THE LOTTERY

NO, HE CAN´T HAVE WON ANY MONEY.

SUGGESTIONS/ TIPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS SHOULD/OUGHT TO

YOU SHOULD/OUGHT TO WATCH THIS WONDERFUL FILM. I LOVED IT!!

SUGGESTIONS/ TIPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THE PAST YOU SHOULD HAVE STUDIED HARDER FOR THE EXAM. IT WAS SO EASY!!

THERE IS NO NEED…. . THIS IS DIFFICULT SO BE CAREFUL !! IT IS SUNDAY. I DON´T NEED TO COME TO SCHOOL IT WAS SUNDAY YESTERDAY. I DIDN´T NEED TO COME TO SCHOOL SO I STAYED AT HOME AND SLEPT IN

IT WAS SUNDAY YESTERDAY. I NEEDN´T HAVE COME TO SCHOOL BUT I FORGOT, MY ALARM WENT OFF AND I CAME TO FIND THE DOORS CLOSED

DON´T FORGET!! IMPORTANT INFORMATION 1. MODAL VERBS NEVER HAVE INFINITIVE: TO CAN, TO MUST 2. MODAL VERBS ARE FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO: I CAN TO SWIM, I MAY TO SEE YOU 3. MODAL VERBS NEVER HAVE S WITH SHE/HE/IT: HE CANS SWIM, SHE MUSTS STUDY 4. MODAL VERBS DON´T NEED AUXILIARIES IN QUESTIONS/NEGATIVE SENTENCES 5. MODAL VERBS LACK VERBAL TENSES, THEY NEED SUBSTITUTES