CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky

40 m Figure 8. 2 (d) Cyanobacteria 10 m (b) Multicellular alga (c) Unicellular

Figure 8. 3 a Leaf cross section Chloroplasts Vein Mesophyll Stomata © 2014 Pearson

Figure 8. 3 b Chloroplast Mesophyll cell Thylakoid Granum Thylakoid Stroma space Outer membrane

Figure 8. 4 Reactants: Products: © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 CO 2 C

Figure 8. UN 01 becomes reduced becomes oxidized © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 5 -4 H 2 O CO 2 Light NADP Pi Light Reactions

Figure 8. 6 10− 5 nm 10− 3 nm Gamma rays 103 nm 1 nm X-rays UV 106 nm Infrared 1 m (109 nm) Microwaves 103 m Radio waves Visible light 450 380 500 Shorter wavelength Higher energy © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 550 600 650 700 750 nm Longer wavelength Lower energy

Figure 8. 7 Light Reflected light Chloroplast Absorbed light Granum Transmitted light © 2014

$Figure 8. 8 Technique White light Refracting prism Chlorophyll solution 2 1 Slit moves$

Figure 8. 8 Technique White light Refracting prism Chlorophyll solution 2 1 Slit moves to pass light of selected wavelength. Galvanometer 3 4 Green light Blue light © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Photoelectric tube The high transmittance (low absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs very little green light. The low transmittance (high absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs most blue light.

Absorption of light by chloroplast pigments Figure 8. 9 a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids 500

Rate of photosynthesis (measured by O 2 release) Figure 8. 9 b 400 (b)

Figure 8. 11 Energy of electron e − Excited state Heat Photon (fluorescence) Photon Chlorophyll molecule Ground state (a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (b) Fluorescence

Photosystem STROMA Light. Reactionharvesting center complexes complex Primary electron acceptor Thylakoid membrane Photon e Transfer of energy Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules Pigment molecules THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) (a) How a photosystem harvests light © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Thylakoid membrane Figure 8. 12 Chlorophyll Protein subunits (b) Structure of a photosystem STROMA THYLAKOID SPACE

Figure 8. 12 a Thylakoid membrane Photon Photosystem STROMA Reaction. Lightharvesting center complexes complex Primary electron acceptor e− Transfer of energy Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules Pigment molecules THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) (a) How a photosystem harvests light © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Thylakoid membrane Figure 8. 12 b Chlorophyll Protein subunits (b) Structure of a photosystem

Figure 8. UN 02 H 2 O CO 2 Light NADP Calvin Cycle Light

Figure 8. UN 05 El H 2 O o sp an tr in on a tr ch Primary acceptor ec El Primary acceptor Pq NADP reductase Cytochrome complex Pc Photosystem II © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ATP tr on ch tr ai an n sp Fd o rt rt O 2 ec Photosystem I NADP H NADPH

Figure 8. 14 Mill makes ATP Photon Photo n NADPH © 2014 Pearson Education,

Figure 8. 13 -5 Primary acceptor 2 H H 2 O 1 2 O 2 3 e− 2 4 Electron transport chain Pq 1 e− Cytochrome complex Pc P 680 Fd e− e− e− Primary acceptor 7 Electron transport chain 8 e− NADP reductase P 700 5 Light 6 ATP Pigment molecules Photosystem II (PS II) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Photosystem I (PS I) NADP H NADPH

Figure 8. 15 CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE MITOCHONDRION STRUCTURE Intermembrane space Inner membrane Matrix Key Higher [H ] Lower [H ] © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. H Diffusion Thylakoid space Electron transport chain Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase Stroma ADP P i H ATP

Figure 8. 15 a CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE MITOCHONDRION STRUCTURE Intermembrane space Inner membrane Matrix Key Higher [H ] Lower [H ] © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. H Diffusion Thylakoid space Electron transport chain Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase Stroma ADP P i H ATP

Figure 8. 16 Photosystem II 4 H Light Cytochrome complex Light NADP reductase Photosystem I 3 Fd Pq H 2 O e− 1 THYLAKOID SPACE (high H concentration) e− NADPH Pc 2 1 2 O 2 2 H NADP H 4 H To Calvin Cycle STROMA (low H concentration) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase ADP P i H ATP

Figure 8. UN 03 H 2 O CO 2 Light NADP Calvin Cycle Light

Figure 8. 17 -1 Input 3 as 3 CO 2 Phase 1: Carbon fixation

Figure 8. 17 -2 Input 3 as 3 CO 2 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco 3 P P P 6 P 3 -Phosphoglycerate Ru. BP 6 ATP 6 ADP Calvin Cycle 6 P P 1, 3 -Bisphoglycerate 6 NADPH 6 NADP 6 Pi 6 P G 3 P 1 P G 3 P Output © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Phase 2: Reduction Glucose and other organic compounds

Figure 8. 17 -3 Input 3 as 3 CO 2 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco 3 P P P 6 P 3 -Phosphoglycerate Ru. BP 6 ATP 6 ADP Calvin Cycle 3 ADP 3 ATP 6 P P 1, 3 -Bisphoglycerate 6 NADPH Phase 3: Regeneration of Ru. BP 6 NADP 6 Pi P 5 G 3 P 6 G 3 P 1 P G 3 P Output © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. P Phase 2: Reduction Glucose and other organic compounds

Figure 8. UN 06 3 CO 2 Carbon fixation 3 5 C 6 3

Figure 8. 18 Sugarcane 1 Pineapple CO 2 C 4 Mesophyll Organic cell acid Bundlesheath cell CO 2 2 CAM Night CO 2 2 Calvin Cycle Sugar (a) Spatial separation of steps © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organic acid 1 Day (b) Temporal separation of steps

Figure 8. 19 H 2 O Light CO 2 NADP Pi Light Reactions: Photosystem II Electron transport chain Photosystem I Electron transport chain Ru. BP 3 -Phosphpglycerate Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH G 3 P Starch (storage) Chloroplast O 2 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sucrose (export)