CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson • Reece 39 Motor Mechanisms and Behavior Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Albatross Courting Dance https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=d 1 p. Jw. On. Yrs 0 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39. 1 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overview: The How and Why of Animal Activity § Fiddler crabs feed with their small claw and wave their large claw § Why do male fiddler crabs engage in claw-waving behavior? § Claw waving is used to repel other males and to attract females © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
§ Proximate causation: “how” a behavior occurs or is modified § Ultimate causation: addresses “why” a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bozeman Science: Animal Behavior https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=6 h. REwak. Xm. Ao © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
§Behavioral ecology: the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
§ Behavior: an action carried out by muscles under control of the nervous system § Ethology: the study of animal behavior § Behavior is subject to natural selection © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spectrum of Animal Behavior: §Innate (instinct) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. → Learned
Innate Behavior: Instinct §Innate: Movement, Migration, Communication © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
1. Movement: § Orientation: how animals position themselves with respect to stimuli in their environment §Taxis: turning away or toward something in their environment § Ex. Face the current, more likely to obtain food © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
§Kinesis: random turning or moving of an animal in relation to a stimulus § Ex. Running in all directions when placed in bright light © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
2. Fixed Action Patterns § Fixed action pattern: a sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is unchangeable § Once initiated, it is usually carried to completion § Triggered by an external cue known as a sign stimulus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Stickleback Fish © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
§ Example: § In male stickleback fish, the stimulus for attack behavior is the red underside of an intruder § When presented with unrealistic models, the attack behavior occurs as long as some red is present § Another male without a red underside did not prompt attack behavior § Agnostic behavior: aggressive or submissive © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39. 15 (a) (b) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Female Greylag Goose with Egg © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
3. Migration § Migration: a regular, long-distance change in location § Environmental cues can trigger movement in a particular direction § Animals can orient themselves using: § The position of the sun and their circadian clock, an internal 24 -hour activity rhythm or cycle § The position of the sun or stars § Earth’s magnetic field © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
4. Animal Signals and Communication § Signal: a behavior that causes a change in another animal’s behavior § Communication is the transmission and reception of signals © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Forms of Animal Communication § Animals communicate using visual, chemical, tactile, and auditory signals © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
§ Example: (visual) § Honeybees show complex communication with symbolic language § A bee returning from the field performs a dance to communicate information about the distance and direction of a food source: waggle dance © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
• https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-7 ij. Ig 4 j. Hg © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39. 16 (b) Round dance (food near) (a) Worker bees (c) Waggle dance (food distant) 30 A 30 B Beehive C Location A © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Location B Location C
Pheromones § Many animals that communicate through odors emit chemical substances called pheromones © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
§ For example, § A female moth can attract a male moth several kilometers distant § A honeybee queen produces a pheromone that affects the development and behavior of female workers and male drones § When a minnow or catfish is injured, an alarm substance in the fish’s skin disperses in the water, causing nearby fish to seek safety © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept 39. 4: Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior § Innate behavior: developmentally fixed and does not vary among individuals § Learned Behavior: is the modification of behavior based on specific experiences © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learned Behavior © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
1. Imprinting § Imprinting: the establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual § Imprinting can only take place during a specific time in development, called the sensitive period § A sensitive period is a limited developmental phase that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned § Imprinting behavior is learning governed by innate constraints © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
§ An example of imprinting is young geese following their mother § Researcher Konrad Lorenz showed that when baby geese spent the first few hours of their life with him, they imprinted on him as their parent § The imprint stimulus in greylag geese is a nearby object that is moving away from the young geese © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39. 17 a (a) Konrad Lorenz and geese © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
2. Spatial Learning and Cognitive Maps § Spatial learning: the establishment of a memory that reflects the spatial structure of the environment § Ex. Researcher Niko. Tinbergen showed how digger wasps use landmarks to find nest entrances © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39. 18 Experiment Nest Pinecone Results Nest © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. No nest
3. Associative Learning § Associative learning: animals associate one feature of their environment with another § For example, a blue jay will avoid eating butterflies with specific colors after a bad experience with a distasteful monarch butterfly © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39. 19 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
§ Animals can learn to link many pairs of features of their environment, but not all § For example, pigeons can learn to associate danger with a sound but not with a color § Rats can learn to avoid illness-inducing foods on the basis of smells, but not on the basis of sights or sounds © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
4. Cognition and Problem Solving § Cognition: a process of knowing that may include awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
§ Problem solving: the process of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle § For example, chimpanzees can stack boxes in order to reach suspended food § Ravens can obtain food that is suspended from a branch by pulling up a string © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
§ Social learning: learning through the observation of others and forms the roots of culture § For example, young chimpanzees learn to crack palm nuts with stones by copying older chimpanzees © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39. UN 03 Imprinting Learning and problem solving Cognition Associative learning © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Spatial learning Social learning
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